Podcast
Questions and Answers
If they honor public ______, then citizens are indeed given public reasons for the laws they are to comply with and for the policies society follows.
If they honor public ______, then citizens are indeed given public reasons for the laws they are to comply with and for the policies society follows.
reason
Democracy involves a political relationship between citizens within the basic structure of the society into which they are ______.
Democracy involves a political relationship between citizens within the basic structure of the society into which they are ______.
born
Citizens exercise coercive political power over one another by ______ and in other ways.
Citizens exercise coercive political power over one another by ______ and in other ways.
voting
As reasonable and rational, they should be ready to explain the basis of their actions to one another in terms each could reasonably expect that others might endorse as consistent with their freedom and ______.
As reasonable and rational, they should be ready to explain the basis of their actions to one another in terms each could reasonably expect that others might endorse as consistent with their freedom and ______.
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Understanding how to conduct oneself as a democratic citizen includes understanding an ideal of public ______.
Understanding how to conduct oneself as a democratic citizen includes understanding an ideal of public ______.
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The political values realized by a well-ordered constitutional regime are very great values and not easily ______.
The political values realized by a well-ordered constitutional regime are very great values and not easily ______.
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The union of the duty of civility with the great values of the political yields the ideal of citizens governing themselves in ways that each thinks the others might reasonably be expected to ______.
The union of the duty of civility with the great values of the political yields the ideal of citizens governing themselves in ways that each thinks the others might reasonably be expected to ______.
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Not only is ______ evidence excluded but also evidence gained by improper searches and seizures.
Not only is ______ evidence excluded but also evidence gained by improper searches and seizures.
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Defendants cannot be forced to ______ in their own defense.
Defendants cannot be forced to ______ in their own defense.
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Consider how in a criminal case the rules of evidence limit the ______ that can be introduced, all this to insure the accused the basic right of a fair trial.
Consider how in a criminal case the rules of evidence limit the ______ that can be introduced, all this to insure the accused the basic right of a fair trial.
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Spouses cannot be required to testify against one another, this to protect the great good of family ______.
Spouses cannot be required to testify against one another, this to protect the great good of family ______.
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It is often perfectly reasonable to forswear the whole ______ and this parallels how the alleged paradox of public reason is resolved.
It is often perfectly reasonable to forswear the whole ______ and this parallels how the alleged paradox of public reason is resolved.
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Political liberalism relies on the conjecture that the basic rights and duties and values in question have sufficient ______.
Political liberalism relies on the conjecture that the basic rights and duties and values in question have sufficient ______.
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On fundamental political questions the idea of public reason rejects common views of voting as a private and even ______ matter.
On fundamental political questions the idea of public reason rejects common views of voting as a private and even ______ matter.
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Democracy is said to be majority rule and a majority can do as it ______.
Democracy is said to be majority rule and a majority can do as it ______.
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Neither recognizes the duty of civility and neither respects the limits of public reason in voting on matters of constitutional essentials and questions of basic ______.
Neither recognizes the duty of civility and neither respects the limits of public reason in voting on matters of constitutional essentials and questions of basic ______.
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In justice as fairness, the guidelines of public reason and the principles of ______ have essentially the same grounds.
In justice as fairness, the guidelines of public reason and the principles of ______ have essentially the same grounds.
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No citizen could grant another person or association that political ______.
No citizen could grant another person or association that political ______.
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Political liberalism has many forms depending on the substantive principles used and how the guidelines of ______ are set out.
Political liberalism has many forms depending on the substantive principles used and how the guidelines of ______ are set out.
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Citizens share in political power as free and ______.
Citizens share in political power as free and ______.
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In justice as fairness, each citizen must be ready to defend their political conception of ______.
In justice as fairness, each citizen must be ready to defend their political conception of ______.
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Citizens have a duty of civility to appeal to public ______.
Citizens have a duty of civility to appeal to public ______.
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The view called ‘justice as fairness’ is just one example of a liberal political ______.
The view called ‘justice as fairness’ is just one example of a liberal political ______.
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We must have some test we are ready to state as to when this condition is ______.
We must have some test we are ready to state as to when this condition is ______.
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The rules for weighing evidence in a court of law are suited to the special role of _____.
The rules for weighing evidence in a court of law are suited to the special role of _____.
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Different rules of evidence are used by a scientific _____.
Different rules of evidence are used by a scientific _____.
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The understanding of public reason that allows citizens to present their political values is called the ______ view.
The understanding of public reason that allows citizens to present their political values is called the ______ view.
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The criteria and methods of nonpublic reasons depend in part on how the nature of each ____ is understood.
The criteria and methods of nonpublic reasons depend in part on how the nature of each ____ is understood.
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In a democratic society, nonpublic power is accepted in organizations like _____.
In a democratic society, nonpublic power is accepted in organizations like _____.
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The ______ view is more restrictive and does not allow for personal doctrines in political discussions.
The ______ view is more restrictive and does not allow for personal doctrines in political discussions.
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Martin Luther King, Jr. is often cited as an example that supports the ______ view.
Martin Luther King, Jr. is often cited as an example that supports the ______ view.
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Liberty of conscience protects the individual against the _____.
Liberty of conscience protects the individual against the _____.
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Liberty of conscience also protects churches from intrusions of _____.
Liberty of conscience also protects churches from intrusions of _____.
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The values of the political conception are most familiar in a ______ society.
The values of the political conception are most familiar in a ______ society.
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In the ideal case where the society is well-ordered, citizens appeal to familiar values to honor the ideal of ______.
In the ideal case where the society is well-ordered, citizens appeal to familiar values to honor the ideal of ______.
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Both associations and individuals need protection from other powerful _____.
Both associations and individuals need protection from other powerful _____.
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Families need protection from associations and _____ per the discussed rights.
Families need protection from associations and _____ per the discussed rights.
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The ______ view is more flexible and allows for variation in accordance with different political and social conditions.
The ______ view is more flexible and allows for variation in accordance with different political and social conditions.
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Conditions such as the presence of deep disputes influence whether the ideal is attained through the ______ or inclusive view.
Conditions such as the presence of deep disputes influence whether the ideal is attained through the ______ or inclusive view.
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In a society where fundamental rights are guaranteed, citizens have less motivation to protest against ______.
In a society where fundamental rights are guaranteed, citizens have less motivation to protest against ______.
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The Supreme Court's decision of 1954 held segregation unconstitutional in the case of ______.
The Supreme Court's decision of 1954 held segregation unconstitutional in the case of ______.
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For King, a just law is a man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of ______.
For King, a just law is a man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of ______.
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An unjust law is a code that the majority inflicts on a minority that is not binding on ______ itself.
An unjust law is a code that the majority inflicts on a minority that is not binding on ______ itself.
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A just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow that it is willing to follow ______ itself.
A just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow that it is willing to follow ______ itself.
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King describes an unjust law as being inflicted on a minority which that minority had no part in ______.
King describes an unjust law as being inflicted on a minority which that minority had no part in ______.
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Religious doctrines clearly underlie King's views and are important in his ______.
Religious doctrines clearly underlie King's views and are important in his ______.
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The civil rights movement leaders did not go against the ideal of ______ reason.
The civil rights movement leaders did not go against the ideal of ______ reason.
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King's address of May 1957 celebrated the third anniversary of ______.
King's address of May 1957 celebrated the third anniversary of ______.
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Study Notes
John Rawls' Political Liberalism
- John Rawls' book "Political Liberalism" is an expanded edition.
- The text introduces the concept of 'public reason' within a political society
- A political society formulates plans, prioritises ends and makes decisions accordingly
- Public reason applies to those sharing equal political citizenship
- It's rooted in the intellectual and moral capacities of members, a power for making decisions based on public good.
- Public reason concerns the good of the public, fundamental justice of basic social structure and its purposes.
- Public reason is public in three ways: citizen's reason, subject is public good and principles are given by political justice.
- Citizens in a democratic society are not bound by public reason in personal or association deliberations.
- Political questions that concern constitution and basic justice are the focus of public reason.
- The concepts of public and private reason are discussed in the context of political societies.
The Idea of Public Reason
- The idea of public reason has a long history and is widely accepted
- Public reason is not a matter of law but an ideal of political citizenship in a constitutional democracy.
- It describes how things could be, a possibility for a just society.
- The idea applies to constitutional essentials and matters of basic justice
- Many political questions do not fall under these categories, like tax laws or environmental protections.
- Public reason aims to establish fair equality of opportunity for rights to vote or religion to be tolerated.
Three Main Ideas
- Discusses a political conception of justice that is liberal.
- Limits of public reason, applying only to constitutional essentials and questions of basic justice.
- Political questions not concerning those essentials do not fall under this category
Public Reason and the Ideal of Democratic Citizenship
- The idea of public reason is paradoxical to some
- It's a relationship of people within the basic structure of a society, involving coercion over members.
- The way citizens formulate political decisions is an expression of public reason
- It's about applying political values, taking into account and accepting the possibility of disagreement.
The Content of Public Reason
- This section defines and outlines what public reason involves, encompassing basic rights, liberties, opportunities and measures.
- Principles of justice and guidelines for inquiry guide how to apply those principles
- General public beliefs guide the inquiry, with a focus on what is commonly accepted.
Nonpublic Reasons
- Public reason is distinct from nonpublic reasons, specific to individual or associated bodies like churches, universities.
- Nonpublic reason applies to associations and individuals in their social and personal lives.
- Both public and nonpublic reason are subject to the standards of rationality, inference and evidence.
The Supreme Court as Exemplar of Public Reason
- The Supreme Court is an example of public reason in applying and interpreting higher constitutional law
- The principle of legitimacy requires that the court's decision reflects reasonable public values
- Distinctions between ordinary law and higher law, and constituent power of the people vs ordinary power, apply
- The Court applies public reason by applying political values via constitutional interpretation.
The Limits of Public Reason
- The application of public reason presents difficulties, such as the existence of multiple reasonable answers to political questions.
- Recognizing that some may not accept certain views or balances is part of a well functioning democracy.
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Description
Test your understanding of the principles of democratic citizenship and the political relationship between citizens. This quiz covers the ideals of public reasons and the responsibilities that come with exercising political power in a democratic society.
