Democratic Concepts and Citizenship
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Questions and Answers

What does individual liberty, referred to as 'negative' freedom, represent?

  • Freedom that excludes collective rights
  • Freedom from constraints imposed by others (correct)
  • Freedom to impose restrictions on others
  • Freedom solely for the majority

How is 'positive' freedom defined in a democratic context?

  • Individual liberty prioritized above all
  • Freedom without any form of authority
  • Absence of collective obligations
  • Imposed equality within a community (correct)

What role do institutions play in maintaining democracy?

  • They promote individualism over collective action
  • They create chaos by imposing too many rules
  • They eliminate the need for authority
  • They enforce rights and maintain stability (correct)

Why are individual rights considered to be made for the good of societies?

<p>They aim to provide security for individual liberty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presumption of personal autonomy contribute to democratic culture?

<p>Tolerance and trust among individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Putnam, what is highlighted as crucial for democratic politics?

<p>Social trust and cooperativeness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of citizenship, what is the dilemma regarding individual liberty?

<p>It must be extended to ensure security for all (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What question arises regarding citizenship values and tolerance?

<p>What is the limit to the ideas that should be tolerated? (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor primarily influences the ability of citizens to embrace democratic ideals in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE)?

<p>Access to democratic institutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which political values are typically developed more quickly according to the institutional approach?

<p>Core values related to democratic governance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do culturalists view the development of political values over time?

<p>It happens steadily over a long period (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes normative preferences in the context of democratic governance?

<p>Long-term attachments to democratic institutions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of merging institutional and culturalist approaches in political socialization?

<p>Identifying which values are developed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do individuals' beliefs about the demos play in society?

<p>They influence conflict, cooperation, and citizenship (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the process of democratization, what values are developed first according to the discussed theory?

<p>Values oriented towards institutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'logic of appropriateness' emphasize in a given situation?

<p>The ideal actions individuals ought to take (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to culturalists, what is implied if individuals act differently in various contexts?

<p>They possess different preferences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the evaluational preference for democracy among individuals?

<p>Satisfaction with and trust in democratic processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental premise of theoretical individualism?

<p>Individuals have preferences independent of institutions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does modern behavioralism emphasize about individuals?

<p>They are autonomous and integrated persons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT commonly studied as a form of political behavior?

<p>Economic decision-making (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of political behavior, what aspect does psychology primarily focus on?

<p>Individuals' external reactions to their environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is political behavior generally understood in comparison to psychology?

<p>Political behavior excludes internal mental processes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study of political behavior aim to achieve?

<p>Explain individual political choices and profiles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does party identification primarily signify?

<p>A permanent positive identification with a specific party (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is partisanship generally acquired according to the content?

<p>Largely learned through socialisation and childhood experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the left-right schema in political understanding?

<p>To serve as a simplification tool that aids citizens in understanding politics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way is ideology different from party identification?

<p>Ideology encompasses abstract principles while party identification is more about party loyalty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can ideological self-identification be assessed according to the content?

<p>By self-placing on a left-right or liberal-conservative scale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does path-dependency suggest about political transitions?

<p>Different starting points can lead to fundamentally different outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with countries becoming stuck in political transition?

<p>Elite incentives to move toward better outcomes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can economic development influence political systems, according to the content?

<p>It creates social change but may result in different political outcomes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of 'non-democratic regimes' as described?

<p>They may take the form of dictatorships or one-party states. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a type of 'adjective democracy'?

<p>Constitutional democracy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception is known as the universalist fallacy?

<p>Democracy is a universal goal achievable through any means. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of voting, how can voters be viewed?

<p>As consumers within a political marketplace. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach considers social bases and cleavages in voting behavior?

<p>Sociological approach. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does agency play during the moment of transition?

<p>Agency plays an outsized role. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between political elites and democracy according to the content?

<p>Elites prefer competing within democracy to risking disruption. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which model can formal theory primarily be found?

<p>Principal-agent models studying elections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of formal theory in political science?

<p>To manipulate logical propositions for solutions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does game theory relate to formal theory?

<p>Game theory analyzes strategic interactions to maximize payoffs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information can actors in game theory possess?

<p>Complete information or incomplete/asymmetric information. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor that disincentivizes elites from deviating from democracy?

<p>Increased chances of failure outside of democracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of 'rules of the game' in strategic interactions?

<p>Defined incentives that guide the interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Logic of Appropriateness

The idea that people choose actions based on what is considered appropriate in a specific situation.

Institutions' Influence on Values

How institutions like laws, customs, and traditions shape the values of a society.

Theoretical Individualism

The idea that individuals have preferences, and these preferences are not affected by changes in institutions.

Culturalism

The study of how culture influences people's preferences and behaviors.

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Modern Behaviouralism

A psychological perspective from the 1960s and 70s that emphasizes the autonomy and agency of individuals in political processes.

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Political Behavior

The study of individual political actions, attitudes, and behaviors.

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Behavior (in Psychology)

The observable actions and responses of individuals to their surroundings.

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Economic Behavior

The study of economic decisions individuals make, considering their psychological, cognitive, emotional, and social factors.

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Egalitarianism

The idea that everyone has equal rights and opportunities, regardless of their individual differences.

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Individual Liberty

The freedom to do what one chooses without limitations, often referred to as 'negative' freedom.

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Collective Imperative

The idea that the needs of the group are more important than the needs of individuals, often referred to as 'positive' freedom.

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Rule of Law

A system of laws that apply equally to everyone, ensuring order and stability in society.

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Democratic Political Culture

The belief in the equality of all citizens, regardless of their social or economic status.

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Freedom Above Equality

The belief in the importance of individual freedom, which was prevalent in Western societies during the 1940s to 1970s.

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Personal Autonomy

The presumption that individuals are capable of making their own choices and living autonomously.

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Social Trust

The belief that society is based on mutual trust and cooperation.

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Political Socialization

The process by which individuals develop their political values and beliefs, influenced by factors like institutions, culture, and socialization.

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Institutional Explanation of Political Socialization

A theory that emphasizes the role of institutions in shaping political values, suggesting that exposure to democratic governance fosters the development of core democratic values.

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Culturalist Explanation of Political Socialization

A perspective that highlights the influence of culture in shaping political values, recognizing that cultural norms and beliefs can influence the development of more peripheral political values.

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Combined Explanation of Political Socialization

The idea that political socialization involves a combination of institutional and cultural influences, with institutions fostering core democratic values and culture shaping broader political beliefs.

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Core Democratic Values

Values related to the principles and practices of democratic governance, such as individual rights, rule of law, and free and fair elections.

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Peripheral Political Values

Values related to citizenship, social interaction, and relationships within a society, such as tolerance, trust, and cooperation.

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Authority and Legitimacy

Individuals' acceptance of democratic institutions as the preferred form of governance, characterized by a belief in their legitimacy and effectiveness.

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Individuals' Beliefs about the Demos

Individuals' beliefs and attitudes towards other members of society, encompassing concepts like trust, tolerance, and the value of individual liberties.

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Moment of transition

A crucial moment when a new political system is being established, especially after a major change like a revolution.

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Agency

The ability of individuals or groups to make their own choices and act independently.

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Negotiated transition

The process of making agreements and compromises to establish a new political system, often involving different groups and interests.

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Institutionalisation

The process by which a new political system becomes firmly established and accepted by society.

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Democracy

A system of government where citizens have the power to choose their leaders through elections.

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Democracy as the second-best solution

The idea that leading groups (elites) prefer democracy because it allows them to maintain their power and influence within a system they control.

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Disincentivise deviations

Measures to discourage elites from challenging or overthrowing a democratic system.

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Game Theory

The study of interactions between individuals or groups who are trying to achieve their goals in a strategic way, taking into account the choices and actions of others.

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Party Identification

A long-term, stable sense of belonging to a particular political party, often developed through socialization.

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Left-Right Schema

A simplified way of understanding political issues by categorizing them on a spectrum from left to right or liberal to conservative.

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Ideological Thinking

The use of general principles or beliefs to form specific political positions.

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Party ID as a Heuristic

A cognitive framework for understanding politics. It helps people make quick decisions with limited information by relying on their existing party identification.

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Path-dependency

The idea that the initial conditions and historical events influence the future development of a country, suggesting that different starting points lead to different outcomes.

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Obstacles to Democratic Transition

Countries may get stuck in transition to democracy due to factors like substantial economic inequality, the prevalence of incompatible values, lack of elite motivation, political instability, or conflict, leading to back sliding or breakdown.

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Universalist Fallacy

The assumption that democracy is the universal and ultimate goal of modernization, often reflecting a Western-centric perspective on development.

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Party Systems as Political Marketplaces

A system where voters are considered consumers and political parties are the products, with supply-side (parties) competing to meet the demand-side (voters).

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Sociological Approach to Voting

The study of how social factors, such as class, social divisions (cleavages), and traditions influence individual voting choices.

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Individual Rationality Framework

The individual rationality framework examines how individual voters make decisions based on their self-interest and rational calculations, aiming to maximize their benefits.

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The Act of Voting

The act of voting encompasses both the choice of whether or not to vote and the selection of a particular party or candidate.

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Democratic Capitalism as a Solution

The assumption that what is wrong with authoritarian systems can be rectified by capitalism and democracy.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Politics

  • Politics depends on modes of thinking and investigation
  • Epistemology examines the nature of knowledge and methods
  • Positivism, constructivism, and interpretivism are approaches to understanding knowledge
  • Core concepts include empirical analysis, rigorous data use, and qualitative/quantitative research methods
  • Science is a means to understand the world through rigorous methodology
  • The scientific method is a crucial tool for analyzing data and forming evidence-based conclusions
  • Common sense can be flawed due to inaccurate observation, overgeneralization, and illogical reasoning

Principles of Scientific Method

  • Scientific method is an approach, not a tool
  • Tools used in the method, such as statistics, can be subjective, leading to varied conclusions
  • Objective descriptions in a scientific study allow replication and broader understanding of events
  • Objectivity minimizes prejudice and biases in research
  • Political phenomena are events and their significance
  • Political methodologies often incorporate values

Transparency and Replicability

  • Scientific studies aim for objectivity
  • All forms of analysis are subjective
  • Emphasis on reproducibility and transparency in methodology (peer review)
  • Transparency crucial in the scientific method; results of a study may be secondary to the methodology
  • Control: methodology aimed at evaluating relationships in political phenomena
  • Intervening or moderating influences analyzed for a causal relationship

Levels of Scientific Debate

  • Epistemological: study of knowledge
  • Methodological: methodology for knowledge acquisition
  • Research techniques describe details of data collection methods

Core Concepts

  • Conceptualization involves defining what is intended to be measured
  • Operationalization is how those measured concepts are actually measured
  • Variables like age, income, gender, voting, or political participation are used to develop models of political behavior

Ideology as a Concept

  • Ideology is a way of understanding the world
  • Political ideologies organize ideas and beliefs within a framework
  • Ideas are organized in a continuum, ranging from liberal to conservative
  • Ideologies cohere and provide a framework for belief and action
  • Ideology provides a sense of direction and meaning
  • Ideology aligns beliefs and reality
  • Ideology acts as a schema that organizes individual thoughts
  • It clarifies individuals' political views and behaviors
  • Ideological consistency is a key aspect of any ideology

###Political Culture

  • Political culture is a set of shared beliefs, values, and norms about politics
  • Cultural elements define democratic governance
  • Culture is a prerequisite for effective democracy
  • Culture cannot be assumed in any context
  • Politics is deeply cultural

Political Communication

  • Mass media structures political communication
  • Legacy media and modern media both transmit information
  • Legacy media are difficult to replace due to their pervasiveness
  • In contrast, contemporary media offer broader reach.
  • Technology has impacted political communication
  • Media shapes the understanding and opinions of political issues

###Political Institutions

  • Institutionalised participation: traditional forms of engagement
  • Digital participation: modern forms of engagement
  • Multilevel governance: a coordination of different levels in politics (national, regional, local)
  • Multi level governance often includes supranational institutions

Globalization and I.O.s

  • Interdependence amongst states has increased
  • Modern political institutions (organizations) can help resolve global problems
  • I.O.s can facilitate cooperation and regulate state behavior
  • Global issues often transcend borders
  • Globalization also has a negative potential of exacerbating inequalities and cultural issues
  • International institutions can manage global issues

###Democratic Participation/Voting

  • Voting is a political action/behavior, often driven by individual interests
  • Attitudes determine whether someone participates or not
  • Rationality in elections has limitations for individuals
  • Individuals base decisions based on knowledge/emotions
  • Individuals often identify and behave toward a party
  • Voters (consumers of party systems) can be described with a set of attributes

Varieties of Regimes

  • Types of political regimes exist around the world
  • A political system is defined by its norms and structure
  • Regimes with different structures and norms exist as alternatives
  • Democratic and undemocratic governance structures have distinct mechanisms and norms of operation

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Introduction to Politics PDF

Description

This quiz explores key concepts in democracy, including individual liberty defined as negative and positive freedom, the role of institutions, and citizenship values. It highlights the importance of personal autonomy in a democratic culture and assesses factors affecting democratic ideals in different regions. Dive in to test your understanding of these fundamental political theories.

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