Podcast
Questions and Answers
What percentage of individuals aged 65 or over believed to have dementia do not receive a diagnosis?
What percentage of individuals aged 65 or over believed to have dementia do not receive a diagnosis?
- 30%
- 50%
- 20%
- 40% (correct)
What is the expected global increase in the number of people with dementia by 2050?
What is the expected global increase in the number of people with dementia by 2050?
- 92 million
- 100 million
- 60 million
- 131 million (correct)
Which of the following is NOT considered a common treatable cause of cognitive impairment?
Which of the following is NOT considered a common treatable cause of cognitive impairment?
- Vitamin B12 deficiency
- Medication-induced problems
- Lewy Body pathology (correct)
- Hypothyroidism
At what age is the cut-off set for early versus late onset of dementia?
At what age is the cut-off set for early versus late onset of dementia?
What is the individual lifetime cost difference to care for someone with dementia compared to someone without it?
What is the individual lifetime cost difference to care for someone with dementia compared to someone without it?
What is the primary factor that contributes to the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in dementia pathogenesis?
What is the primary factor that contributes to the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in dementia pathogenesis?
Which dementia is primarily associated with the disruption of the memory system and executive functions?
Which dementia is primarily associated with the disruption of the memory system and executive functions?
What type of pathology is associated with the presence of aggregates like tau and TDP-43?
What type of pathology is associated with the presence of aggregates like tau and TDP-43?
Which symptom is NOT directly attributed to the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in dementia?
Which symptom is NOT directly attributed to the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in dementia?
Which of the following factors increases the risk of dementia when exposure occurs during midlife?
Which of the following factors increases the risk of dementia when exposure occurs during midlife?
In the context of dementia, what does gliosis refer to?
In the context of dementia, what does gliosis refer to?
Which of the following cognitive functions is disrupted by the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates?
Which of the following cognitive functions is disrupted by the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates?
What is the impact of social withdrawal on individuals with cognitive decline?
What is the impact of social withdrawal on individuals with cognitive decline?
What role does inflammation play in the pathogenesis of dementia?
What role does inflammation play in the pathogenesis of dementia?
Which lifestyle factor affects dementia risk throughout a person's lifespan?
Which lifestyle factor affects dementia risk throughout a person's lifespan?
Mild Cognitive Impairment is characterized by which of the following?
Mild Cognitive Impairment is characterized by which of the following?
What type of pathology is associated with fluctuations in cognition?
What type of pathology is associated with fluctuations in cognition?
What is a common misconception about the relationship between midlife conditions and dementia risk?
What is a common misconception about the relationship between midlife conditions and dementia risk?
Which of the following is incorrect regarding protective factors for cognitive health?
Which of the following is incorrect regarding protective factors for cognitive health?
In the context of dementia, why is obesity in midlife a concern?
In the context of dementia, why is obesity in midlife a concern?
What role does dietary habit play in the lifespan risk of dementia?
What role does dietary habit play in the lifespan risk of dementia?
Study Notes
Dementias
- Can be categorized based on distinct clinical features
- Imaging, biofluid, and genetic biomarkers improve diagnostic accuracy
- Treatable causes of cognitive impairment (e.g., hypothyroidism, vitamin B12 deficiency) should be ruled out
Epidemiology
- Around 40% of those aged 65 or over with dementia are undiagnosed
- 47 million people worldwide currently have dementia, projected to increase to 131 million by 2050
- Lifetime cost of caring for an individual with dementia is almost $200,000 more than an individual without dementia
- Age cut-off for early and late-onset dementia is arbitrarily set at 65 years
- 50% of people with Down's syndrome will develop dementia
Pathogenesis
- Dementia involves an interplay between specific molecular pathways
- Abnormally folded protein deposits lead to:
- Loss of synaptic connections
- Cell death
- Gliosis
- Inflammation
- Disruption of functional networks related to cognition, personality, behavior, and sensorimotor functions
- Aging is the most significant risk factor for dementia, with 90% of cases presenting after age 65
- Accumulation of abnormally folded proteins is central to dementia neuropathology:
- Alzheimer's disease: disrupts memory, language, visuospatial, and behavioral executive domains
- Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: aggregates of tau, TDP-43, or FUS leading to frontotemporal dementia syndromes
Major Neurocognitive Disorder
- Key factors include:
- Risk and protective factors for dementia and Alzheimer's disease throughout the lifespan
- Some factors can differentially affect dementia and Alzheimer's disease risk depending on the time of exposure during the lifecycle
- Example: Hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidaemia increase dementia risk during midlife
- Other factors, such as diet, affect risk across the lifespan
- Social withdrawal worsens negative symptoms
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Description
This quiz covers essential aspects of dementia, its classification, and the impact of diagnostic improvements on outcomes. Additionally, it discusses the epidemiology and pathogenesis of dementia, highlighting significant statistics and biological mechanisms involved. Enhance your understanding of this complex condition and its growing prevalence worldwide.
