Demand Side Management (DSM)

Demand Side Management (DSM)

• DSM refers to actions, activities, and programs aimed at influencing consumer energy demand
• Its goal is to modify consumer energy usage in terms of amount or timing
• EMA defines DSM as initiatives and technologies encouraging consumers to optimize energy use

DSM Benefits

• DSM initiatives allow consumers to lower electricity bills and help redistribute energy consumption from peak to non-peak hours
• DSM initiatives contribute to deferring investments in generation and networks
• They also lead to loss reduction, improved network reliability, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions

DSM Implementation Strategies

• There are two ways to reduce energy consumption in a give period of time: energy reduction programs and load management programs
• Energy reduction programs focus on reducing demand through more efficient processes, buildings, or equipment
• Load management programs change load patterns by encouraging less demand at peak times and rates

DSM Self-Assessment

• Understanding consumption patterns involves learning equipment/appliances contributing to peak consumption
• Optimizing energy consumption can be achieved by adjusting appliance operations
• It is important to identify opportunities to shift or reduce loads instead of costly upgrades when upgrading facilities
• Take into account that electricity prices vary at different times of the day, electricity is cheaper during off-peak periods
• Energy audits reveal details about consumption patterns, especially without sub-metering points
• It is important to maintain full ownership/control of facilities operations
• Align third party incentives with energy saving and DSM objectives

Energy Audit

• Energy management strategies help businesses cut energy consumption and GHG emissions
• The first step is an energy audit
• Audits provide insight into energy consumption patterns and highlight viable energy-saving opportunities
• Audits involve inspecting buildings/equipment, and the final report breaks down energy use and saving opportunities

Energy Audit - Key Inclusions

• Energy audits typically include the breakdown of energy usage and significant energy use by equipment/process
• They include energy performance benchmarking against similar premises/processes
• It also provides an overview of supply/metering strategy, analyzes building envelope, services and controls
• This details the review of energy management procedures including maintenance
• The main goal is to identify energy and/or cost saving opportunities; and prioritize them

Key Questions for Energy Audits

• Is energy actually needed? This addresses areas where energy is being wasted
• Can it be done more efficiently? This asks about how energy is controlled and converted
• Waste of energy can be improved by making use of what is drawn from energy sources

System-Specific Audit Examples

• Electrical System: Assesses power distribution, cabling, transformers, motors, power quality, and converters
• Lighting System: Assesses indoor and outdoor lighting
• Mechanical System: Assesses mechanical separators, grinders, blowers, and other motor-driven and process equipment
• Compressed Air System: Assesses compressors, air dryers, pneumatic pipelines, and air-controlled equipment
• Boiler, Steam and Heating System: Assesses burners, furnaces, steam boilers, thermal oil heaters, and heat exchangers
• ACMV System: Assesses chillers, FCUs, AHUs, cooling towers, and air-conditioning equipment
• Process cooling systems and Process / Production Systems: Assesses cooling towers and heat treatment /refirgeration equipment

Energy Audit - Gathering Data

• Gathering data through measurement is key
• Electrical measurement is important
• One aspect to take into account is emissions

Energy Efficiency - Demand Profile Savings

• Savings opportunities exist in demand profiles

Energy Efficiency - Power Factor Optimization

• Power factor should be considered during analysis of electricity billings
• Correcting it can save a lot of money

Motors

• Using energy efficient motors ensures less enery waste
• Other solutions are to adjust speed, reduce belts etc

Chillers

• Some chiller solutions are to increase water temperature, use more efficient motors, and study part-load characteristics

Lighting

• Some lighting solutions are to install LEDS, change old lights and ensure electronics have ballasts
• The goal is to make the best use of efficiency

Cost-Benefit Analysis for Energy Efficiency

• A cost-benefit analysis includes creating cash-flow diagrams and life-cycle cost analysis
• It involves using net present value and internal rate of return analysis
• It also makes use of simple payback period analysis

Energy Assesment Report

• The energy assessment report documents baselines and provides suggestions for carbon
• It focuses on efficiency and cost-benefit-calculations

Demand Response

• Demand response involves optimizing customer demand based on specific conditions
• Demand response (DR) can be active, and passive

Active Demand Response - Importance

• It is important because of reliability and to protect from blackouts
• Case Study 1: Loss of 1,000 MW Power Plant is related to it

Active Demand Response - Goal

• The main goal is to load acting as a resource
• The demand reduction helps give an overview of limitations

Active Demand Response - Goals

• The primary goal for ADR is to save capacity
• It helps improve reliability

ADR Strategies

• Strategies of ADR involve clipping loads and scheduling peaks
• There has to be interface with building automation and management systems

Passive Demand-Response - Dynamic Pricing

• With real-time pricing (RTP), electricity prices fluctuate throughout the day, and customers get pricing signals hourly.
• Time-of-use pricing (TOU) involves splitting the day into larger intervals with different prices
• Critical peak pricing (CPP) requires that customers respond to reduce electricity

DSM Strategy - Monitoring

• It importanty to monitor production and consumption management
• Metering helps keep everything on track

DSM Strategy - Analysing

• Giving analytics helps forsee any shortfalls
• Having an overview helps with understanding

DSM Strategy - Environmental Awareness

• An aspect to take into account is carbon emmisions

Electric Vehicles (EV) - Motivations

• Air pollution, reduce emmissions and environmental impact

Electric Vehicle (EV) - Drivers of change in Singapore

• The Singapore government has pushed to reduce emissions
• That requires aggressive and innovative strategies for change

Singapore Green Plan 2030 - Key Targets

• Reduce emissions and achieve net-zero by 2050

Hybird Electric Vehicle (HEV)

• A hybrid vehicle is of both ICE and electric vehicles
• They are often reffered to as "hybrid electric vehicles"(HEV)

Plug-in Hybird Electric Vehicle (HEV)

• Hybird vehicles are of ICE and electric vehicles
• They can be "fuelled using both electricity and gasoline"

Battery Electric Vehicle (HEV)

• Electric powered vehicles with just batteries
• They are "fuelled" through battery chargers

Four Types of EV Charging Methods

• Slow Charging: For individual lots and is usually slow
• Fast Charging: Use special charging stations to get the power
• Ultra-fast chraging is at near parity to gasoline
• Replacing batteries and can be robotic

EV Challenges

• Purchase price is to high
• Some dont want 1st models
• Another challenge is finding charging infrastructure

Demand Impact

• With "the last mile" a city grid may not suffice
• Managed car charging helps to improve this aspect

Electric Vehicles Outlook

• Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)

• A smart grid is required to power electric vehicles
• EVs should recharage at off-peak hours
• The platform must be ready to sell energy with the grid