Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a predictor of delinquency according to the Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential (ICAP) model?
Which of the following is NOT a predictor of delinquency according to the Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential (ICAP) model?
Individuals with long-term antisocial potential are more likely to commit crimes when feeling frustration.
Individuals with long-term antisocial potential are more likely to commit crimes when feeling frustration.
False
What common behaviour is associated with individuals who have long-term antisocial potential?
What common behaviour is associated with individuals who have long-term antisocial potential?
Impulsiveness
The desire for _________ is one of the influences of antisocial potential.
The desire for _________ is one of the influences of antisocial potential.
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Match the following factors with their type of antisocial potential:
Match the following factors with their type of antisocial potential:
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What correlation is often found between high self-report scores and official delinquency?
What correlation is often found between high self-report scores and official delinquency?
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Victimization surveys always capture all reported crimes on a national scale.
Victimization surveys always capture all reported crimes on a national scale.
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What common reason leads individuals to not report crimes?
What common reason leads individuals to not report crimes?
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The _____ figure of crime refers to the amount of unreported crime in statistics.
The _____ figure of crime refers to the amount of unreported crime in statistics.
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Match the following findings with their appropriate statistics:
Match the following findings with their appropriate statistics:
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Which study showed that half of the high self-report scorers at age 16 had prior official convictions?
Which study showed that half of the high self-report scorers at age 16 had prior official convictions?
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Serious crimes are always reported due to the obligation of the victim.
Serious crimes are always reported due to the obligation of the victim.
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The correlation between self-reports and official records tends to be around _____.
The correlation between self-reports and official records tends to be around _____.
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Which disciplinary technique is positively linked to moral development?
Which disciplinary technique is positively linked to moral development?
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Authoritative parenting is linked to poor self-control and low self-confidence.
Authoritative parenting is linked to poor self-control and low self-confidence.
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What is a common characteristic of delinquent families in terms of disciplinary techniques?
What is a common characteristic of delinquent families in terms of disciplinary techniques?
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The circumplex model of disciplinary styles consists of affection (warmth vs. rejection) and ________ (demanding vs. permissive).
The circumplex model of disciplinary styles consists of affection (warmth vs. rejection) and ________ (demanding vs. permissive).
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Match the parenting style with its description:
Match the parenting style with its description:
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Which of the following is a consequence of using power assertion as a disciplinary technique?
Which of the following is a consequence of using power assertion as a disciplinary technique?
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Inconsistent discipline only occurs in nondelinquent families.
Inconsistent discipline only occurs in nondelinquent families.
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What are common innocuous aversive behaviors noted by Patterson in families?
What are common innocuous aversive behaviors noted by Patterson in families?
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What do economists advocate as the primary driver of crime?
What do economists advocate as the primary driver of crime?
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The severity of punishment is more important than the certainty of punishment in deterring crime.
The severity of punishment is more important than the certainty of punishment in deterring crime.
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Name one of the key factors that complicates predictions regarding crime control.
Name one of the key factors that complicates predictions regarding crime control.
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In the rational choice perspective, criminals typically _____ risks.
In the rational choice perspective, criminals typically _____ risks.
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Match the following theorists with their contributions to crime theory:
Match the following theorists with their contributions to crime theory:
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the costs of crime?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the costs of crime?
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Peer groups play a significant role in understanding youth delinquency.
Peer groups play a significant role in understanding youth delinquency.
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What does Bandura argue is critical for the effectiveness of deterrence?
What does Bandura argue is critical for the effectiveness of deterrence?
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What is formed as an idealized self-image, contributing to self-esteem?
What is formed as an idealized self-image, contributing to self-esteem?
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A secure attachment during infancy can lead to future relational difficulties.
A secure attachment during infancy can lead to future relational difficulties.
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What is the primary role of the superego in personality development?
What is the primary role of the superego in personality development?
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The ________ conflict occurs during the genital stage and involves unconscious desires for the opposite-sex parent.
The ________ conflict occurs during the genital stage and involves unconscious desires for the opposite-sex parent.
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Match the types of superego with their characteristics:
Match the types of superego with their characteristics:
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Which stage of development includes the child's gradual realization of the need for relationships?
Which stage of development includes the child's gradual realization of the need for relationships?
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Criminal behavior can be linked to an overdeveloped superego.
Criminal behavior can be linked to an overdeveloped superego.
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What can symbolize unresolved internal conflicts in criminal behavior?
What can symbolize unresolved internal conflicts in criminal behavior?
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Which theory relates impulsivity to social withdrawal in individuals with psychopathy?
Which theory relates impulsivity to social withdrawal in individuals with psychopathy?
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Extraverts generally require less stimulation than introverts to maintain positive states.
Extraverts generally require less stimulation than introverts to maintain positive states.
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What is the relationship between sensation-seeking and impulsivity?
What is the relationship between sensation-seeking and impulsivity?
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Psychopaths exhibit a less reactive _____ and are less sensitive to punishment cues.
Psychopaths exhibit a less reactive _____ and are less sensitive to punishment cues.
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Match the following concepts to their descriptions:
Match the following concepts to their descriptions:
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In the Raing and Venables study, which group showed poorer conditioning in relation to social class?
In the Raing and Venables study, which group showed poorer conditioning in relation to social class?
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Introverts condition more readily with aversive stimuli than extraverts under most common conditions.
Introverts condition more readily with aversive stimuli than extraverts under most common conditions.
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What is emphasized in Trasler's socialization theory?
What is emphasized in Trasler's socialization theory?
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Study Notes
Media Coverage of Crime
- Media heavily features crime, though not always the majority of stories.
- Coverage often distorts reality, exaggerating violent crime while underrepresenting property crime.
- This can lead to public fear that doesn't reflect actual crime rates.
- Media's portrayal often opposes statistics, focusing on sensational crimes rather than mundane ones.
Crime Statistics and Surveys
- Victimization surveys (e.g., National Crime Victimization Survey) provide insight into unreported crime.
- These surveys exclude crimes without victims or those sensitive topics like sexual offences, making comparisons difficult.
- Definitions of crimes can change, affecting comparisons over time.
- Not all crimes are reported accurately, or they may be misrepresented or overlooked.
- Police reports also undercount crime due to unreported offenses and police discretion.
Sources of Crime Data
- Court statistics reflect processed offences, yet biases exist in prosecution.
- Prison statistics reflect imprisonment, potentially skewed by sentencing policy changes.
- General population offender surveys capture unreported crime but may miss serious crime.
Challenges with Crime Data Interpretation
- Biases and limitations in data collection methods.
- Surveys, victimization surveys, and police statistics capture different types of crime.
- Statistics can be affected by changes in reporting, societal norms, and legal updates.
- Interpreting trends requires careful analysis of potential distortions.
Public Perception of Crime
- Public perception is affected by media coverage.
- Eyewitness accounts play a large role in reporting.
- Duration and type of suspect's actions impact whether it's deemed a crime.
Extent of Criminality
- Historical beliefs often linked crime to poverty.
- White collar crime is committed by individuals with high social standing.
- Most people commit minor crimes.
- Imprisonment rates vary significantly across demographics (e.g., men, Black people, and high school dropouts).
Self-Report Studies on Criminal Behavior
- Self-reported crime rates are higher than official statistics.
- Studies frequently involve adolescents and reveal high rates of unreported crime.
International Crime Statistics Comparison
- International studies (e.g., International Crime Victimization Survey) have revealed differences in crime rates across countries.
- Rates reflect variations in reporting practices and crime definitions.
- Prevalence and incidence crimes are not the same thing; prevalence shows how many, incidence shows how often.
The Reliability of Crime Statistics
- Many crimes aren't reported, particularly in serious categories like rape and assault.
- Victim surveys, by adjusting for underreporting, offer more accurate estimations of true crime rate.
- Specific offenses have higher reporting rates due to obligations (e.g., insurance requirements).
Conservative vs. Radical Interpretations of Crime Data
- Different perspectives on crime and data: one view focuses on harsher punishments, while another advocates for decriminalization or reform.
- Racial disparities are highlighted in crime statistics; interpretations range from inherent racial differences to systemic bias and disparity in policing.
Personality and Crime
- Theories link personality traits (e.g., extraversion, neuroticism) to criminal behavior.
- Personality traits can be measured using inventories.
- High extraversion and neuroticism are linked to antisocial and aggressive behavior.
Social Control and Deviance
- Selective rule application: Laws and their application are influenced by various social and political factors.
- Delinquency is often framed as a primarily male issue.
The Measurement of Crime
- Crime rate is calculated as the number of crimes per population.
- Prevalence shows the number of individuals involved in crime.
- Incidence shows the number of crimes committed by individuals.
Crime and Reporting
- Crime statistics often reflect reported crimes to the police, but not all crimes are reported.
- Reporting rates for certain crimes vary based on social and legal factors.
- Official statistics can underestimate actual crime rates due to underreporting.
Regional Variations and Sampling Errors
- Crime rates vary substantially across regions.
- Sampling errors in surveys can bias results due to missed or potentially overrepresented demographics and circumstances.
Legal Processing and Biases
- Legal bias can affect recording and processing of crimes.
- Variables such as race, social status, and gender influence crime rulings.
Offender Characteristics and Sentencing
- Police decisions can be influenced by offender characteristics like age, race, and previous offenses.
Family Patterns and Interactions
- Research demonstrates ongoing patterns of parent-child interactions influence crime.
- Delinquent families display more power assertion and less affection compared to healthy families.
- Family environments, including conflict or instability, can lead to criminal attitudes.
Child Rearing Practices
- Disciplinary techniques can either encourage prosocial behavior or potentially contribute to ongoing criminal behavior.
- Specific approaches like power assertion (physical punishment) may or may not have lasting impact on child behavior.
- Coercive disciplinary approaches have been observed in criminal families.
Connection to Parenting Styles
- Negative family factors, such as marital conflict and parental rejection, have been linked to higher delinquency rates.
- Parenting quality during crisis events, including divorce or parental separation, can significantly affect children's behavior.
- Early developmental trajectories within families show consistency, particularly when linked to consistent negative or positive behaviors.
Parental Criminality
- Children with criminal parents have an elevated chance of developing criminal tendencies.
- Family environment and behavior significantly affect the development of offending behavior.
Family Size and Sibling Relationships
- Research suggests a higher chance of delinquency in children from large families, due to potential factors like stress, poor supervision, or lack of resources.
Deprivation and Delinquency
- Factors like poverty, poor housing, and welfare dependency in families may contribute to the likelihood of delinquency.
- Socialization processes can lead to the adoption of values that favor criminal behavior in deprived environments.
School Processes and Delinquency
- School environments, including streaming and labelling, can negatively influence children's behavior.
- Relationships with peers and teachers have a significant impact on delinquency rates in schools.
Peer Group Influence
- Delinquent peer groups provide opportunities for criminal activity, modeling, and reinforcement, while also fostering deviant peer relationships.
Psychological Theories of Crime
- Theories address biological factors like genetic makeup and brain dysfunction.
Learning Theories of Crime
- Social learning theory focuses on the role of observation in learning criminal behavior.
Rational Choice Perspective
- Perspective emphasizes that criminals weigh cost and benefits of committing a crime.
Moral Commitment and Law Compliance
- Individuals' adherence to societal norms and perceived legitimacy of governing institutions influence their behavior.
Criminal Decision-Making
- Decision-making models emphasize situation and factors, like personal risk assessment and risk tolerance.
Delinquency as Self-Presentation
- Some theories suggest that delinquency can be a form of self-presentation to gain status or approval within peer groups.
Social Identity and Peer Group Influence
- Delinquent peers influence each other; social identity and the perception from social norms can significantly impact.
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Description
Test your knowledge on delinquency predictors and the Integrated Cognitive Antisocial Potential (ICAP) model. This quiz covers various factors influencing antisocial behavior, self-reporting, and crime statistics. Challenge yourself with questions about studies and correlation findings related to delinquency.
