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Questions and Answers
Which of the following was NOT a member of Akbar's Navratna?
Which of the following was NOT a member of Akbar's Navratna?
What significant garden was built during Jahangir's reign?
What significant garden was built during Jahangir's reign?
Which title did Aurangzeb use during his reign?
Which title did Aurangzeb use during his reign?
What architectural project is Shah Jahan most famous for?
What architectural project is Shah Jahan most famous for?
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Who was executed by Jahangir for their beliefs?
Who was executed by Jahangir for their beliefs?
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Which of the following was a significant traveler during Shah Jahan's rule?
Which of the following was a significant traveler during Shah Jahan's rule?
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What was the name of the autobiography written by Jahangir?
What was the name of the autobiography written by Jahangir?
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Which of the following practices did Aurangzeb reimpose?
Which of the following practices did Aurangzeb reimpose?
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Who established the Bahmani Empire following the shift of the capital to Daulatabad?
Who established the Bahmani Empire following the shift of the capital to Daulatabad?
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Why did Ahmad Shah Wali move the capital from Gulbarga to Bidar in 1425 AD?
Why did Ahmad Shah Wali move the capital from Gulbarga to Bidar in 1425 AD?
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What was one of the key contributions of Ferozeshah Bahman during his reign?
What was one of the key contributions of Ferozeshah Bahman during his reign?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding women's status in the society influenced by the Iqta system?
Which of the following statements is true regarding women's status in the society influenced by the Iqta system?
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What major administrative division did Mahmud Gawan implement during his time as Wazir?
What major administrative division did Mahmud Gawan implement during his time as Wazir?
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Which of the following languages did NOT converge in Bidar during Ahmad Shah Wali's reign?
Which of the following languages did NOT converge in Bidar during Ahmad Shah Wali's reign?
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What was a significant factor in the split of the Bahmani kingdom?
What was a significant factor in the split of the Bahmani kingdom?
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Which of the following practices was present in the society influenced by the Iqta system?
Which of the following practices was present in the society influenced by the Iqta system?
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What was the main outcome of the Battle of Talikotta?
What was the main outcome of the Battle of Talikotta?
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Which literary contribution is attributed to Quli Qutub Shah?
Which literary contribution is attributed to Quli Qutub Shah?
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What is a Jagirdar responsible for in the Jagirdari system?
What is a Jagirdar responsible for in the Jagirdari system?
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How does the Zamindari system differ from the Jagirdari system?
How does the Zamindari system differ from the Jagirdari system?
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What does the Mansabdari system combine?
What does the Mansabdari system combine?
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What determines a Mansab rank in the Mansabdari system?
What determines a Mansab rank in the Mansabdari system?
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What was a significant feature of the Jagir granted to Mansabdars?
What was a significant feature of the Jagir granted to Mansabdars?
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What age was the Mansabdari system introduced?
What age was the Mansabdari system introduced?
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Which ruler is associated with the invasion of Timur in 1398?
Which ruler is associated with the invasion of Timur in 1398?
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What notable action did Sikandar Lodhi take regarding women's access to religious sites?
What notable action did Sikandar Lodhi take regarding women's access to religious sites?
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Which of the following texts did Ziauddin Barani write?
Which of the following texts did Ziauddin Barani write?
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What was the original establishment year of Agra as a city?
What was the original establishment year of Agra as a city?
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Who was the first ruler to face Babur during the Battle of Panipat in 1526?
Who was the first ruler to face Babur during the Battle of Panipat in 1526?
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What does the term 'Zat' refer to in the context of mansab?
What does the term 'Zat' refer to in the context of mansab?
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Which traveler was known as the 'Herodotus of Arabs'?
Which traveler was known as the 'Herodotus of Arabs'?
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What was the purpose of the Dagh System?
What was the purpose of the Dagh System?
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Who introduced the Ijaradaari System?
Who introduced the Ijaradaari System?
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What does the term 'Sawar' specify in the mansab hierarchy?
What does the term 'Sawar' specify in the mansab hierarchy?
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Which traveler wrote 'Rihla', a famous travelogue?
Which traveler wrote 'Rihla', a famous travelogue?
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Which of the following statements is true about the Bhaichaari System?
Which of the following statements is true about the Bhaichaari System?
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Who was the Italian traveler associated with the Vijaynagar Empire and known for his accounts of gold and spice trade?
Who was the Italian traveler associated with the Vijaynagar Empire and known for his accounts of gold and spice trade?
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Study Notes
Feroz Shah Kotla Fort
- Feroz Shah Tughlaq (1351-88) built the Feroz Shah Kotla Fort, a massive fort in Delhi.
- He also established several cities, including Hisar, Fatehabad, and Jaunpur.
- Notably, Firozabad, located in Uttar Pradesh, is considered the fifth foundational city of Delhi.
- The fort is significant for its unique design and its historical value.
The Tughlaq Dynasty
- Nasiruddin Mohammad Tughlaq reigned from 1395 to 1414.
- Timur invaded in 1398, leading to the decline of the Tughlaq dynasty.
- Timur established his own rule and nominated Khizr Khan to govern Delhi.
The Delhi Sultanate
- Following the Tughlaq dynasty, the Sayyid dynasty (1414-52), and the Lodhi dynasty (1452-1526) ruled Delhi.
- The Lodhi dynasty marked the end of the Delhi Sultanate, an era of Afghan and Pathan rulers.
- Sikandar Lodhi, the second Lodhi ruler, built Agra, founded in 1506.
- Sikandar Lodhi was known for his strict enforcement of Islamic law and his prohibition of women entering shrines.
The Mughal Empire
- The first battle of Panipat took place in 1526 and ended in the victory of Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty.
- Akbar, the third Mughal emperor, is regarded as one of the greatest Mughal emperors.
- Akbar's reign was marked by religious tolerance and the introduction of the Mansabdari system.
- The Navratnas, known for their contributions to literature, arts, and politics, became instrumental in shaping Akbar's court.
- Notable Navratnas include:
- Birbal
- Todarmal
- Tansen
- Maharaja Maan Singh
- Abul Fazl
- Abul Faizi
- Abdul Rahim Khan
- Mulla Do Pyaza
- Fakir-Aziao-din
- Jehangir, Akbar's son, married Mehrunissa, who became known as Nur Jahan.
- During Jehangir's reign, the renowned Italian traveler Pietro della Valle visited India.
- Shah Jahan, Jehangir's son, is considered to be the most prolific builder of the Mughal empire.
- Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal, a stunning mausoleum dedicated to his wife Mumtaz Mahal.
- Shah Jahan shifted the Mughal capital to Delhi from Agra, renaming the new city as Shahjahanabad.
- Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor, is known for his strong Islamic beliefs and military campaigns.
- Aurangzeb's reign saw the expansion of the Mughal Empire, the reintroduction of Jizya, and the abolition of Sati.
- The Battle of Purandhar between Maharajah Jai Singh and Shivaji resulted in the humiliating Treaty of Purandar.
- Aurangzeb's policy of religious intolerance and his association with temple destruction earned him the moniker "temple breaker."
Society During the Mughal Empire
- The Mughal era witnessed a significant influence of Brahmins in society.
- Education was primarily accessible to upper caste males.
- Temples served an essential role and featured kalyanmandaps, which were important for weddings and celebrations.
- Mughal society placed a high value on temples and religious sites.
- Despite the Islamic influence, notable social practices during the Mughal period included:
- An absence of the purdah system.
- Prevalence of polygamy.
- Practicing Sati.
- Limited or no evidence of child marriage.
Bahmani Kingdom
- The Bahmani Kingdom ruled during the 14th and 15th centuries, mainly in the Deccan region of India.
- The kingdom was established by Bahman Shah, when many people remained in the Deccan following Mohammad Bin Tughlaq shifting the capital to Daulatabad.
- Notable rulers of the Bahmani Kingdom include:
- Ferozeshah Bahman, known for his multilingual skills and the observatory he built in Daulatabad.
- Ahmad Shah Wali, a Sufi saint who belonged to the Chisti Silsila.
- Mahmud Gawan, the wazir of Mohammad Shah II, who divided the empire into eight provinces.
- The Bahmani Kingdom eventually split into five successor states, leading to constant conflicts within the region.
- The kingdom faced numerous battles, most notably the Battle of Talikotta against the Vijayanagar empire, which resulted in the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire.
- Later on, the Bahmani successor states were absorbed by the Mughal empire during Aurangzeb's Deccan campaigns.
Contributions of the Bahmani Kingdom
- The Bahmani Kingdom played a significant role in the development of the Urdu language.
- The Bahmani Kingdom also produced notable literary works such as Diwan-e-Qutub Shahi by Quli Qutub Shah.
- The Bahmani Kingdom is also famous for the construction of Gol Gumbaz, a magnificent tomb erected by the Adil Shahi kings.
- The Bahmani Kings also encouraged trade and commerce, contributing to the region's economic growth.
Land Revenue Systems
- The Jagirdari system was a central element in the Mughal empire's land revenue collection.
- Jagirdars, who held land granted by the emperor, served as the king's officials.
- Jagirdars were responsible for collecting revenue from their assigned areas and remitting it to the emperor.
- The Zamindari system, a system of land ownership, existed alongside the Jagirdari system.
- Zamindars received hereditary rights to land and collected taxes from the peasantry for the emperor's treasury or military purposes.
- The Mansabdari system, introduced by Akbar, combined military and administrative duties.
- Mansabdaris were assigned ranks based on their status, salary, and number of troops they could maintain.
- The Mansabdari system was a critical component of the Mughal administration and military structure.
- The Mansabdari system allowed for significant administrative and military roles to be appointed to individuals based on their capabilities and expertise.
- The Ijaradaari system, introduced by Shah Jahan and popularized by Aurangzeb, involved revenue farming.
- Under this system, revenue farmers extracted revenue from the peasants and remitted the collected revenue to the state treasury.
- The Bhaichaari system was implemented in the early 19th century by John Lawrence.
- This system introduced land revenue collection based on trust, where the land revenue was collected without any official patta.
- The Bhaichaari system aimed to simplify land revenue collection and ensure equitable distribution of burdens.
Travelers to India
- Al Masudi, a prominent Arab traveler, wrote the famous book Muruj-ul-Dahab, known as "Histories of Gold."
- Al Beruni, an influential scholar who accompanied Mahmud of Ghazni to India, wrote several important books like Kitab-al-Hind and Tehqeek-i-Hind.
- Marco Polo, a Venetian adventurer, had a significant influence on the Western perception of the East through his travel narratives. He mentions the Kakatiya dynasty, especially Rudramadevi Kakatiya. His accounts of the Pandyan Kingdom (1292–94 A.D.) during his voyage from China are also important.
- Ibn Battuta, a notable Moroccan traveler, visited India during the reign of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq and detailed his travels in his famous book, Rihla.
- Nicolo Conti, an Italian traveler, visited India during the reign of Devaraya I and contributed valuable insights into the gold and spice trade.
- Abdur Razzaq, an ambassador from the Timurid Dynasty, traveled to India and documented his experiences during the reign of Devaraya II.
- Domingo Paes, a Portuguese traveler, visited the Vijayanagara Empire during Krishnadevaraya's reign and provided crucial details about the empire's Nayakar system.
- Ralph Fitch, an Englishman, visited India during Akbar's reign, offering significant insights into Mughal court culture and daily life.
- Antonio Montserrate, a Portuguese Jesuit missionary, was present at Akbar's court and documented his observations about the Mughal empire.
- Sir Thomas Roe, an English diplomat, was sent to India by King James I to negotiate trade agreements with the Mughal emperor Jehangir.
- Peter Mundy, an English merchant, documented his experiences during Shah Jahan's reign, providing valuable insights into Mughal society, economy, and everyday life.
- Nicollo Manucci, an Italian merchant, was a witness to five Mughal emperors, including Shah Jahan and Farrukhsiyar. His writings provide historical insight into the Mughal empire.
- Francois Bernier, a French physician who served as a personal physician to Aurangzeb and was closely associated with Dara Shikoh, authored the famous book, "Travels in the Mughal Empire." Bernier's perspective is notable for his criticism of the Mughal Empire's strength and its perceived inferiority to Europe.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Feroz Shah Kotla Fort and the Tughlaq dynasty, including key events, rulers, and the significance of the fort in Delhi's history. This quiz explores the broader context of the Delhi Sultanate and its ruling dynasties, from the Tughlaqs to the Lodhis.
