Dehydration in Newborns vs Adults

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of dehydration in newborns compared to adults?

Adults can tolerate dehydration better than newborns.

Newborns are less prone to sodium and potassium loss during illness.

Newborns and young children have a higher water content than adolescents and adults. (correct)

Newborns and young children have less water content.

What is a goal of therapy for treating dehydration in children?

Provide education to family members to help prevent recurrence. (correct)

Limit fluid intake until symptoms resolve.

Increase dietary sodium intake immediately.

Monitor only heart rate for signs of dehydration.

Which one of the following tests is NOT typically indicated for assessing dehydration?

Serum creatinine.

Abdominal ultrasound. (correct)

Blood gas analysis.

Urinalysis.

During the physical examination of a dehydrated child, which of the following would NOT be a relevant indicator?

Liver function. Signup and view all the answers

What factor makes the assessment of dehydration particularly challenging in infants and children?

Children can maintain adequate blood pressure despite moderate to severe dehydration. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms indicates underlying causes of dehydration mainly due to fluid loss?

Vomiting and/or diarrhea. Signup and view all the answers

In managing electrolyte imbalances during dehydration therapy, which of the following electrolytes is typically monitored?

Serum potassium. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following precautions helps prevent complications in dehydrated children?

Preventing seizures and edema. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications could potentially cause significant drug interactions that might lead to diarrhea?

Tenofovir DF Signup and view all the answers

What can be a potential complication of chronic hepatitis C if left untreated?

Liver cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of Epclusa in the treatment of hepatitis?

To treat chronic hepatitis C Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is an antacid that may cause significant drug interactions?

Milk of magnesia Signup and view all the answers

In older adults taking proton pump inhibitors, what is a significant consideration due to potential drug interactions?

Altered metabolism of various medications Signup and view all the answers

What should a person taking Harvoni do if they miss a dose and it is within 18 hours of when it should have been taken?

Take the missed dose immediately or as soon as possible. Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is not listed as contraindicated for patients taking Harvoni?

History of chronic kidney disease Signup and view all the answers

If more than 18 hours have passed since a dose of Harvoni was supposed to be taken, what is the recommended course of action?

Skip the missed dose and take the next dose at the scheduled time. Signup and view all the answers

Which side effect is identified as a potential side effect of taking Harvoni?

Extreme tiredness (fatigue) Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is indicated to cause a drug interaction with Harvoni?

Amiodarone Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommendation for patients on Harvoni who are pregnant or planning pregnancy?

Consult with a provider for appropriate treatment planning. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications is contraindicated with Harvoni due to potential drug interaction?

Carbamazepine Signup and view all the answers

What should a patient with co-infection with HIV consider before starting Harvoni?

Consult their healthcare provider for the best treatment plan. Signup and view all the answers

Which potential condition complicates the management of treatment involving Harvoni?

Liver issues other than hepatitis C Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception might one have regarding the timing of a missed Harvoni dose?

It is always safe to wait until the next dose. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for taking Epclusa for hepatitis C treatment?

12 weeks Signup and view all the answers

Which condition must be addressed before prescribing Epclusa to a patient?

Pregnancy or plans for pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is a common side effect of Epclusa?

Extreme fatigue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medications should NOT be taken with Epclusa?

Phenobarbital Signup and view all the answers

Which cirrhosis classification indicates that a patient may need ribavirin along with Epclusa?

Child-Pugh B Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT a reason to consult with a healthcare provider before prescribing Epclusa?

Diagnosis of chronic migraines Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial drug interaction precaution for patients on Epclusa?

Steering clear of certain tuberculosis medications Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an undetermined safety concern for Epclusa in patients?

Moderate liver injury Signup and view all the answers

Which co-infection is a potential concern for patients considering treatment with Epclusa?

HIV Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of the fixed-combination tablet of Epclusa?

Includes 400 mg of sofosbuvir and 100 mg of velpatasvir Signup and view all the answers

What is an absolute indication for admitting a child to the hospital?

Intractable vomiting/diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about infants under 6 months is true?

They may be restarted on breast milk or half-strength formula. Signup and view all the answers

Which lab finding is associated with the need for hospital admission?

Hypo-/hypernatremia Signup and view all the answers

What does a negative hepatitis B e-Antigen (HBeAg) test indicate?

The immune system has begun to control the virus. Signup and view all the answers

Which option represents a possible indication for hospitalization?

Elevated serum HCO3 Signup and view all the answers

What does achieving a functional cure from hepatitis B require?

A negative result on a HBsAg test Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms would NOT typically suggest an absolute indication for admission?

Minor gastrointestinal upset Signup and view all the answers

Children with which condition may still be contagious despite having a negative HBeAg test?

Chronic hepatitis B infection Signup and view all the answers

What is a common therapy for managing acute dehydration in young children?

Oral rehydration solutions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would likely not require immediate hospitalization?

Mild diarrhea without significant dehydration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction

Dehydration is a serious concern for newborns and young children due to their higher water content compared to adults.
Infants and children are more vulnerable to fluid loss during illness.

Goals of Therapy

Treat shock and impending shock
Treat dehydration using appropriate fluids and routes
Treat electrolyte imbalances
Prevent complications (seizures, edema)
Educate family members to prevent recurrence

Investigations

Thorough history, focusing on the underlying cause(s) (vomiting, diarrhea, etc.) and the frequency and amount of fluid loss
Frequency and amount of urinary output
Physical examination: heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, temperature, oxygen saturation, and capillary refill
Laboratory tests: serum sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), urea, creatinine, glucose and bicarbonate (HCO3-), blood gases, and urinalysis as needed

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Description

This quiz examines the characteristics of dehydration in newborns compared to adults, focusing on assessment, symptoms, and therapy goals. It also covers relevant indicators during physical examinations and challenges faced in pediatric dehydration management.