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What does Spearman's two factor theory of intelligence assert about general intelligence?
What does Spearman's two factor theory of intelligence assert about general intelligence?
IQ tests are designed to measure a person's emotional intelligence.
IQ tests are designed to measure a person's emotional intelligence.
False
Who is credited as the founding father of the psychometric model tradition in intelligence testing?
Who is credited as the founding father of the psychometric model tradition in intelligence testing?
Charles Spearman
Spearman's two factor theory of intelligence includes a general intelligence factor known as ______.
Spearman's two factor theory of intelligence includes a general intelligence factor known as ______.
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Match the theorist with their respective intelligence theory:
Match the theorist with their respective intelligence theory:
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What is the standard average score on an IQ test?
What is the standard average score on an IQ test?
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According to the psychometric models, intelligence can be measured through analysis of large data sets.
According to the psychometric models, intelligence can be measured through analysis of large data sets.
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What is the limitation of the psychometric model of intelligence mentioned in the content?
What is the limitation of the psychometric model of intelligence mentioned in the content?
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Which of the following is NOT one of Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities (PMAs)?
Which of the following is NOT one of Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities (PMAs)?
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Thurstone originally supported the existence of a general intelligence factor (g).
Thurstone originally supported the existence of a general intelligence factor (g).
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What are the two types of intelligence proposed in Cattell & Horn's model?
What are the two types of intelligence proposed in Cattell & Horn's model?
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According to Carroll's 3 Stratum Theory, intelligence can be analyzed into three levels of factors, with the top level being _____ intelligence.
According to Carroll's 3 Stratum Theory, intelligence can be analyzed into three levels of factors, with the top level being _____ intelligence.
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Match the following theorists with their intelligence models:
Match the following theorists with their intelligence models:
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Which of the following statements about fluid ability is true?
Which of the following statements about fluid ability is true?
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Crystalized ability is influenced by fluid ability and tends to increase throughout adulthood.
Crystalized ability is influenced by fluid ability and tends to increase throughout adulthood.
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What is the 'agnostic view' on the existence of g factor as presented by Ian Deary?
What is the 'agnostic view' on the existence of g factor as presented by Ian Deary?
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Which of the following is a component of Spearman's Two Factor Theory?
Which of the following is a component of Spearman's Two Factor Theory?
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Thurstone's model of intelligence emphasizes a single factor to explain cognitive abilities.
Thurstone's model of intelligence emphasizes a single factor to explain cognitive abilities.
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What are the two types of intelligence identified by Cattell and Horn?
What are the two types of intelligence identified by Cattell and Horn?
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Carroll's 3 Stratum Theory categorizes intelligence into three levels: general intelligence, broad abilities, and _______ abilities.
Carroll's 3 Stratum Theory categorizes intelligence into three levels: general intelligence, broad abilities, and _______ abilities.
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Match the following terms with their relevant theories or models:
Match the following terms with their relevant theories or models:
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Which model explains that individuals can solve different types of problems due to multiple primary mental abilities?
Which model explains that individuals can solve different types of problems due to multiple primary mental abilities?
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Carroll's 3 Stratum Theory suggests intelligence is best represented by a single general ability.
Carroll's 3 Stratum Theory suggests intelligence is best represented by a single general ability.
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Define fluid intelligence.
Define fluid intelligence.
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Study Notes
Definition of Intelligence
- "Intelligence, then, is the ability to attain goals in the face of obstacles by means of decisions based on rational (truth obeying) rules” - Steven Pinker
- “The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment" - David Weschler
- “...a human intellectual competence must entail a set of skills of problem solving - enabling the individual resolve genuine problems or difficulties that he or she encounters, and, when appropriate, to create an effective product - and must also entail the potential for finding or creating problems - thereby laying the groundwork for the acquisition of new knowledge.” - Howard Gardner
- "Intelligence is a general mental capability. It includes reasoning, planning, solving problems, thinking abstractly, comprehending complex ideas, learning quickly, and learning from experience. Limitations in intelligence should be considered in light of four other dimensions: Adaptive Behaviour; Participation, Interactions and Social Roles; Health and Context. The measurement of intelligence may have different relevance, depending on whether it is being considered for purposes of diagnosis or classification. Although far from perfect, intellectual functioning is still best represented by IQ scores when obtained from appropriate assessment instruments." - American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Psychometric Models of Intelligence
- An overarching theory on how intelligence evolves is through natural selection, which is a biological process that gives us individual differences in population.
- Human intelligence and Human personality are two areas of psychological functioning that we can study in thematically similar areas including:
- Evolutionary history
- Theoretical models
- Measurement
- Genetics
- Biology
- Functioning
- Controversy
- Six models of intelligence from the psychometric tradition are:
- Spearman's model
- Thurstone's model
- Guilford Structure of the Intellect
- Horn & Cattell's model
- Carroll's re-appraisal of the data
- Carroll Horn Cattell (CHC) model
- Questions to consider:
- Is intelligence something real or a useful description?
- How do methodology and other influences shape psychometric models of intelligence
Spearman's two factor theory of intelligence (1927)
- General intelligence or "g" is correlated with specific abilities or "s" to some degree
- Specific abilities, were influenced by this underlying g factor
- Regarded as the founding father of the psychometric model tradition
- Contributed a highly influential model
- Credited with the development of the statistical methods of factor analysis which was a significant methodology that shaped Spearman's model
Thurstone's primary mental abilities (PMAs) Model (1938)
- Regarded Spearman's idea of a g factor as incorrect
- Thought that all intellectual activity has a systematic organization but that this is different from a general ability factor
- Consequently he analyzed his data using a method of factor analysis that allows us to analyze factors simultaneously
- From this he found eight Primary Mental Abilities (PMAs):
- Verbal ability
- Perceptual ability
- Inductive reasoning
- Numerical ability
- Rote memory
- Deductive reasoning
- Word fluency
- Spatial visualization
- At first Thurstone's data supported this absence of a g factor, but over time he was forced to reconsider and include a second order g factor when moderate correlations were found between the different abilities in subsequent research.
### Guildford's structure of intellect model
- Also regarded Spearman's idea of a g factor as incorrect.
- Thought that intellectual abilities were more complex
- Developed and proposed a structure of intellect model based on three dimensions of intelligence:
- Operations
- Contents
- Products
- This model has 150 different intellectual abilities
- Not widely accepted
### Cattell & Horn's Fluid & Crystalized Model of Intelligence
- Incorporates g-factor
- Recognizes different types of intelligence
- Maintains a distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence
Fluid Ability
- Non-verbal, culture-free, mental efficiency
- More dependent on underlying physiological structures of the brain
- Increases until adolescence and then plateaus and declines reflecting physical changes
- More sensitive to brain injury
Crystalized Ability
- Acquired intellectual skills and knowledge that develop as we grow older and are exposed to a learning environment embedded in our culture
- Includes vocabulary skills, abstract verbal reasoning, and linguistic skills
- The development of crystallized ability is based on fluid ability
- It increases at least until middle adulthood
Carroll's (1993) 3 Stratum factor analytic theory
- Large meta-analysis of previous research including Spearman & Thurstone
- Created a hierarchical model with three levels (strata) of general intelligence
- Stratum 1 – specific abilities
- Stratum 2 - broad abilities (e.g., fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, memory, learning, visual perception, auditory perception, retrieval ability, cognitive speediness, processing speed)
- Stratum 3- general intelligence (g)
CHC Model (Carroll, Horn & Cattell)
- Theories of intelligence are integrated together
- “It is hoped that serious scholars of intelligence accept the CHC framework for what it is - a well reasoned (and partially empirically tested) psychometric taxonomic framework (drawing on accumulated research that produced the Carroll and Cattell-Horn models) that can improve research vis-à-vis its theoretical soundness, precision, and limitations" - Kevin McGrew (2009, p.4)
### Does g exist? – the agnostic view
- "g is a psychometric triumph and a cognitive enigma" - Ian Deary (2002)
- Questions to consider:
- How well are second order abilities defined?
- What do these abilities reflect?
- Skills acquired in life?
- Innate skills unfolding in development?
- Tasks to which we put our cognitive skills?
- The tests used to develop the model?
- What is their neurological status?
- How do they develop?
- The criterion for diagnosis is being below the mean, considering the standard error of measurement for the specific assessment instrument
### Is IQ the same as intelligence?
- No, they are not the same.
- IQ is based on a standardised administration of a series of subsets designed to sample our ability to intellectually solve problems.
- Subsets are usually combined to summarise a person's sampled abilities.
- In "norming" an IQ test its publisher administers their standardised test to a large sample designed to be nationally representative of a particular population
- IQ scores are set to a standard scale which have an average of 100 and a standard deviation of 15 points.
### Psychometric models of intelligence
- The psychometric model of intelligence is based on administering IQ type tests to large groups and then mathematically analysing the results to see what that reveals about the nature of our cognitive abilities.
- These models have the longest tradition in the study of human intelligence
- A strength is that they are based on the analysis of data from very large data sets
- They are limited by the theoretical ideas of the theorists, the types and range of the IQ type tests used, and the mathematical techniques used.
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Description
Test your understanding of the various definitions of intelligence as explained by renowned psychologists like Steven Pinker, David Weschler, and Howard Gardner. This quiz explores key concepts related to human cognitive abilities and problem-solving skills.
