Week 1 Psychometric Models of Intelligence PDF

Week 1: Psychometric models of intelligence Wednesday 11 September 2024 11:47 Definitions of intelligence and psychometric models → Overarching theory: evolution by natural selection is a biological process that gives us… → Individual differences in a population...

Week 1: Psychometric models of intelligence Wednesday 11 September 2024 11:47 Definitions of intelligence and psychometric models → Overarching theory: evolution by natural selection is a biological process that gives us… → Individual differences in a population that we can organize into two areas of psychological functioning Human intelligence & Human personality and study in thematically similar areas - evolutionary history - Theoretical models - Measurement - Genetics - Biology - Functioning - Controversy There are 6 models of intelligence from the psychometric tradition - Spearman's model - Thurstone's model - Guilford Structure of the Intellect - Horn & Cattell's model - Carroll's re-appraisal of the data - Carroll Horn Cattell (CHC) model Consider… - Is intelligence something real or a useful description? - How do methodology and other influences shape psychometric models of intelligence Definitions: “Intelligence, then, is the ability to attain goals in the face of obstacles by means of decisions Steven Pinker s based on rational (truth obeying) rules” - Definitions: “Intelligence, then, is the ability to attain goals in the face of obstacles by means of decisions Steven Pinker “The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and David Weschler “...a human intellectual competence must entail a set of skills of problem solving - enabling t difficulties that he or she encounters, and, when appropriate, to create an effective product - a creating problems - thereby laying the groundwork for the acquisition of new knowledge.” - H “Intelligence is a general mental capability. It includes reasoning, planning, solving problem complex ideas, learning quickly, and learning from experience. Limitations in intelligence should be considered in light of four other dimensions: Adaptive Behaviour; Participation, Interactions and Social Roles; Health and Context. The measurement of intelligence may have different relevance, depending on whether it is be classification. Although far from perfect, intellectual functioning is still best represented by I scores when obtained from appropriate assessment instruments. The criterion for diagnosis i below the mean, considering the standard error of measurement for the specific assessment in and limitations" - American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Is IQ the same as intelligence? - No - IQ is based on a standardised administration of a series of subsets designed to sample o - Subsets are usually combined to summarise a person's sampled abilities. - In "norming" an IQ test its publisher administers their standardised test to a large samp a particular population - IQ scores are set to a standard scale which have an average of 100 and a standard devia Psychometric models of intelligence: → The psychometric model of intelligence is based on administering IQ type tests to large the results to see what that reveals about the nature of our cognitive abilities. → These models have the longest tradition in the study of human intelligence → A strength is that they are based on the analysis of data from very large data sets → They are limited by the theoretical ideas of the theorists, the types and range of the IQ techniques used. Charles Spearman (1863-1945) - Regarded as the founding father of the psychometric model tradition - Contributed a highly influential model - Credited with the development of the statistical methods of factor analysis which was a Spearman's model Spearman's two factor theory of intelligence (1927) - sates that general intelligence or "g" is some degree. All tasks on intelligence tests, whether related to verbal or mathematical abilitie s based on rational (truth obeying) rules” - d to deal effectively with his environment" - the individual resolve genuine problems or and must also entail the potential for finding or Howard Garner ms, thinking abstractly, comprehending eing considered for purposes of diagnosis or IQ is approximately two standard deviations nstruments used and the instruments strengths our ability to intellectually solve problems. ple designed to be nationally representative of ation of 15 points. e groups and then mathematically analysing type tests used, and the mathematical a significant methodology that shaped correlated with specific abilities or "s" to es, were influenced by this underlying g factor Spearman's two factor theory of intelligence (1927) - sates that general intelligence or "g" is some degree. All tasks on intelligence tests, whether related to verbal or mathematical abilitie Thurstone's primary mental abilities (PMAs) Model (1938) - Regarded Spearman's idea of a g factor as incorrect - Thought that all intellectual activity has a systematic organization but that this is differ - Consequently he analyzed his data using a method of factor analysis that allows us to a - From this he found eight Primary Mental Abilities (PMAs) Verbal ability Perceptual ability Inductive reasoning Numerical ability Rote memory Deductive reasoning Word fluency Spatial visualization - At first Thurstone's data support this absence of a g factor - Over time he was forced to reconsider and include a second order g factor when moder different abilities in subsequent research Guildford's structure of intellect model correlated with specific abilities or "s" to es, were influenced by this underlying g factor rent from a general ability factor analyze factors simultaneously rate correlations were found between the Cattell & Horn's Fluid & Crystalized Model of Intelligence Fluid ability - non-verbal, culture-free, mental efficiency - More dependent on underlying physiological structures of the brain - Increases until adolescence and then plateaus and declines reflecting physical changes - More sensitive to brain injury Crystalized ability - Acquired intellectual skills and knowledge that develop as we grow older and are expo our culture - Includes vocabulary skills, abstract verbal reasoning, and linguistic skills - The development of crystallized ability is based on fluid ability - It increases at least until middle adulthood Carroll's (1993) 3 Stratum factor analytic theory osed to a learning environment embedded in “It is hoped that serious scholars of intelligence accept the CHC framework for what it is - a well reasoned (and partially empirically tested) psychometric taxonomic fra research that produced the Carroll and Cattell-Horn models) that can improve research vis-à- Kevin McGrew (2009, p.4) Does g exist? - the agnostic view - "g is a psychometric triumph and a cognitive enigma" - Ian Deary (2002) How well are second order abilities defined? - What do these abilities reflect? - Skills acquired in life ? - Innate skills unfolding in development ? - Tasks to which we put our cognitive skills? - The tests used to develop the model ? - What is their neurological status? - How do they develop? What is missing from the CHC model? - Is a work in progress - A cognitive ability related to each sensory modality is a logical extension of the mode - Other cognitive skills are proposed for exploration - Many abilities such as emotional intelligence and cognitive processes related to music the model Reading for this lecture: McGrew, K. S., (2009).CHC theory and the Human cognitive abilities project: Standing on the Intelligence, 37(1), 1-10 amework (grounded in extant factor analytical à-vis the use of a common nomenclature ” el cal ability are never included in IQ type tests so do not appear in e shoulders of the giants of psychometric intelligence research.