Defining Peace: Negative and Positive Aspects

Defining Peace

• Peace is divided into negative and positive aspects

Negative Peace

• Negative peace defines peace as the absence of direct or physical violence, which can be both macro and micro
• Direct violence examples: war, torture, child/woman abuse

Positive Peace

• Positive peace refers to the presence of well-being and just relationships that are social, economic, political, and ecological
• Structural violence examples: poverty, hunger
• Socio-cultural violence examples: racism, sexism, religious intolerance
• Ecological violence examples: pollution, over consumption

Levels of Peace

• Personal Peace: Self-respect, inner resources, love, and hope
• Interpersonal Peace: Respect for other persons, justice, tolerance, and cooperation
• Intergroup/Social Peace: Respect for other groups, justice, tolerance, and cooperation
• Global Peace: Respect for other nations, justice, tolerance, and cooperation
• Peace between Humans and the Earth and Beyond: Respect for the environment, sustainable living, and a simple lifestyle
• Harmony with the Self, Others, and Nature: Also, harmony with the Sacred Source

Ethics

• Ethics deals with human action

Origin of "Ethics"

• The Greek word "ethos" means character, habit, custom, and ways of behavior
• Ethics is a system of moral principles as old as humanity

Morality

• Morality includes the standards of right and wrong
• The Latin word "mores" means customs, behavior

Peace

• Peace is the absence of war or direct violence

Violence

• Violence is humanly inflicted harm

Moral Issues

• Moral issues are always be based on values

Immoral Action

• An immoral action is considered morally wrong

Moral Action

• A moral action is considered morally right or good

Morally Neutral

• Morally neutral actions is independent from moral judgement

Amoral Action

• Amoral actions includes actions performed by someone morally unaware or lacking understanding of right and wrong

Moral Agent

• Moral agent is a being capable of moral decisions.

Moral Patient

• A moral patient is not capable of making moral decisions but still partakes in the moral realm (e.g., a baby).

Human Actions

• Human actions actions are done consciously

Actions of Human

• Actions of human might not be willful, voluntary, consciously, and deliberately done, yet are still actions done by human.

Socrates

• Socrates' mission was to awaken his fellow humans to the need for rational criticism of their beliefs and practices

Plato

• Plato's goal is to lead the path toward a vision of the Good

Aristotle

• Aristotle differed from Plato

St. Augustine

• A prominent philosopher of the early medieval period
• Ethics became a blend of earthly well-being with preparation of the soul for eternal salvation

Thomas Aquinas

• His view on ethics is rooted in his philosophical and theological understanding of human nature, God, and the universe
• His ethical framework is a synthesis of Aristotelian eudaimonism and Christian theology

Methods of Philosophy

• Deductive: Gaining knowledge independently of experience through pure logical reasoning
  • Begins with a general truth and leads to knowledge of a particular instance of it
    • Ex: All men are mortal, Ram is a man, and therefore, Ram is mortal
• Inductive: Process of arriving at knowledge through experience
  • Begins with the particular and moves to the universal
    • Ex: Observing the sun rises in the east on multiple days and concluding that the sun always rises in the east

Division of Ethics

• Metaethics investigates the origin and meaning of ethical concepts
• Normative ethics aims to arrive at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct
• Applied ethics examines specific controversial issues like abortion, infanticide, animal rights, and environmental concerns

Origins of Ethics/Morality

• Religion: Oldest foundations of ethical standards, influencing human actions, decisions, and will
• Culture: Reflects moral values and ethical norms, governing how people behave and interact
• Law: Procedures and codes of conduct laid down by the legal system, meant to guide human behavior within the social fabric

Why Be Moral

• Chaos would ensue without basic rules
• People would not be able to live amongst other humans

Reasons To Be Moral

• Sociological: Without morality, social life is almost impossible
• Psychological: People care about what others think of them
• Theological: Some people care about what will happen after death, to their soul or spirit

Psychology

• Focus (Descriptive): How a man behaves
• Ethics (Normative): How a man MUST behave

Anthropology

• Focus: Nature of human beings and its activity
• Ethics: How man's actions OUGHT to be

Social and Political Sciences

• Focus: Deals with the organization of man's social and political life
• Ethics: How man's social and political life MUST or OUGHT TO BE organized in order to be moral

Economics

• Focus: Concerned with goods that satisfy human wants
• Ethics: Deals with acts that are the conditions of attaining the highest end of life

Moral Point of View

• Entails willingness to give equal consideration to the rights, interests, and choices of all parties in question The Golden Rule: Treat others as one would want to be treated

People Are Embodied

• People are animals with bodies, needs, pain, and suffering like animals
• There should be concern if there is any reason to care about human beings, then the relief of suffering and satisfaction of those needs should be our first concern

Importance of Social Interactions

• Animaols live regularly in large groups of their own kind
• It is imperative to take account of others in individual actions, given there are so many humans within their ecosystems

Thinking with Choice

people have thability to think

• It is important to respect human interaction within the ecossytem

The Human Condition

• Humans beings suffering

Moral Standards

• People should act, believe and value according to morally right and wrong as well as morally good and morally bad values and actions, with values that people believe are morally good and morally bad.

Non-Moral Standards

• Rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations

Characterstics of Moral Standards

• Moral standards involve or resolve the moral standards

Ethical Issue

• Ethical issues involve questions of the ethical rightness or wrongness of public policy or personal behavior
  • climate and data privacy protection

Ethical Judgement

• It is important to state that ethical judgements are viewed as good or bad and right or wrong

Ethical Argument

• It is important to use arguments of ethic with ethical judgement

Ethical Dilemma

• It is important to face an ethically problematic situation and is not sure of what she ought to do

Metaethics

• "Meta" means it is important beyond the ethics
• Also means the bird's eye view of the entire ethics project
• Metaethis includes the study of the origin and meaning of ethical concepts

Metaphysical Issues

• Includes the sttudy of all things that exist in the universe
• Can be ether objective and worldly with particular standards
• Can me subjective with a particular individual

Moral Reliativism

• Indivdiual relativism is create by the individual based on their own moral standards
• Cultrual values is grounded in the society that accepts this values and not merely the preferences of the individuals

###Psychological Issues

• It is imperative to the particular that indviudal undestand what motivates users to be moral
• Individulas have to have a perticular individual way of seeing what is good or bad

Egoism and Aultrism

• Aulisim: The actions are to be pompted with a selfish desire
• Autisim: The actions are a belevolence

Emotion and Reason

• There needs to be a distinct emotional reaction when making a moral pronoucemeent
• All moreal choices are backed by a reason for their justification

###Male and Female Moral

• Male morality is the one that is protecting
• Female morality is the one nurtuting that is being protected

Normative ethics

• Involves moral standards that rregulate right and wrong conduct
• ex. golden rules

Virtue Thoeries

• There is less emphasis on the importance of rules and more importance more on benevolence

Duty theories

• Duty theores base morality within the specific principles of obliagtions

Greek Word "Deon" means duty

Consequentalist Theories

• These theories determine if they are responsbile based on how much actions and consequences cost
• Actions are considered to be responsible based on if the cont of those actions are justified

###Ethical Egoism

• Is acting in a away that consequences will be more favourable that will only affect the agent performing

Ethical Altruism

• Its acting to take more concern for everyone

Utilitaraianism

• Act favourable that that can not be unfavouable to everyone

###Types of Tililriationsm

• Acts that preform action is wrong or right if the actions are well

Hedonistic Utilitarianism

• The only matters whether are conducts do what

###Revisersed Version Of Utilitarianism

• a the consequences of adopting that rule
• is behaviorall is right if are what to adopt

###Ethical Egoism and Social Theory the Social

• To allow for this a set selfishness the community

###Ethical ares and assessment

• rightness -ethics
• blosphary religion

###Etiquette Area

• The etiquette for assessment

• Aesthetic Area beautyful, ugly, are

• art/aesthetic/

###Law rules

• Legal illegal

Applief ethichs branch

• the of ethics

Ethics must be an area

• must ethics or in disticnely
• issue

in issues

• must see a
• Ethical

###Reasoning ethics

• the issues

1. ethics

• the process the logic

2. to see or the to appiles ethics.

3/ part the that to of the inividulas.

• A be

###Rule Reasoning Moral from Forms

• A dty, observes.

###Resoning Moral for

###Cost-Benefit

• the highest action

###Action Moral

###Character-Value

• that Moral

###Moral ethics action humain

• act is one of the humain
• An that is done by the will.

###Elements of Element

• One

• the the to humaisn is the the to of

###Elements of volitute

• freewill

• will object one seek one

• one and willingness

• when

###of Consitiuent affect might Which the of Impendiements

• one of action

###Knowledge Consituent One

• knowledge the idnvidual