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Questions and Answers
What characterizes repressors in personality psychology?
What characterizes repressors in personality psychology?
What percentage of the general population is estimated to be repressors?
What percentage of the general population is estimated to be repressors?
How do repressors typically respond to physiological stress, despite low self-reported anxiety?
How do repressors typically respond to physiological stress, despite low self-reported anxiety?
What does the vigilance-avoidance theory suggest about the experience of anxiety in repressors?
What does the vigilance-avoidance theory suggest about the experience of anxiety in repressors?
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Which of the following statements about repressive coping is correct?
Which of the following statements about repressive coping is correct?
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What was the primary finding of the starvation study on volunteers?
What was the primary finding of the starvation study on volunteers?
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Which type of content does Freud refer to as the 'latent content' of dreams?
Which type of content does Freud refer to as the 'latent content' of dreams?
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What is the stage of sleep associated with vivid dreams?
What is the stage of sleep associated with vivid dreams?
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What was the specific consequence for one volunteer in the starvation study?
What was the specific consequence for one volunteer in the starvation study?
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Why are humans less likely to enact dreams compared to some mammals?
Why are humans less likely to enact dreams compared to some mammals?
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How long do cycles of REM sleep typically last?
How long do cycles of REM sleep typically last?
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What evidence does REM sleep provide against Freud's theory of dream interpretation?
What evidence does REM sleep provide against Freud's theory of dream interpretation?
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What did Aserinsky and Kleitman discover about sleep cycles?
What did Aserinsky and Kleitman discover about sleep cycles?
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What is a characteristic of repressive coping styles according to fMRI studies?
What is a characteristic of repressive coping styles according to fMRI studies?
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Which behavior is characteristic of monitors in the context of threat perception?
Which behavior is characteristic of monitors in the context of threat perception?
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What did Freud theorize about psychoanalysis and its future connection to psychology?
What did Freud theorize about psychoanalysis and its future connection to psychology?
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What is the 'Royal road to the unconscious' referring to in Freud's theory?
What is the 'Royal road to the unconscious' referring to in Freud's theory?
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In the Minnesota Starvation Experiment, what was the primary focus of the researchers?
In the Minnesota Starvation Experiment, what was the primary focus of the researchers?
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How did Freud believe the defense mechanisms operate during consciousness?
How did Freud believe the defense mechanisms operate during consciousness?
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What is a defining trait of blunters in threat perception?
What is a defining trait of blunters in threat perception?
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What aspect of Freud's early work has influenced modern psychology?
What aspect of Freud's early work has influenced modern psychology?
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What do Hobson and McCarley believe about the nature of dreams?
What do Hobson and McCarley believe about the nature of dreams?
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What evidence challenges the view that REM sleep is necessary for dreaming?
What evidence challenges the view that REM sleep is necessary for dreaming?
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What role does the mesolimbic-mesocortical dopamine pathway play in dreaming?
What role does the mesolimbic-mesocortical dopamine pathway play in dreaming?
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What might be a consequence of the surgical damage done to dopamine pathways in patients?
What might be a consequence of the surgical damage done to dopamine pathways in patients?
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How can certain anti-psychotic medications affect dreaming?
How can certain anti-psychotic medications affect dreaming?
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What is the primary role of dopamine in relation to behavior?
What is the primary role of dopamine in relation to behavior?
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What consequence is associated with damage to the dopamine pathway?
What consequence is associated with damage to the dopamine pathway?
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How does the concept of drug dreams relate to Freud's theory of desires?
How does the concept of drug dreams relate to Freud's theory of desires?
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Which of the following best describes neuropsychoanalysis?
Which of the following best describes neuropsychoanalysis?
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What did Jaak Panksepp identify in his research on emotional command systems?
What did Jaak Panksepp identify in his research on emotional command systems?
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In what way may dreaming serve according to the Emergence of Neuropsychoanalysis?
In what way may dreaming serve according to the Emergence of Neuropsychoanalysis?
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What is one possible outcome if a child loses the outer structures of their brain, as stated by the research?
What is one possible outcome if a child loses the outer structures of their brain, as stated by the research?
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Which of the following statements about dopamine's role in dreaming is supported by the information provided?
Which of the following statements about dopamine's role in dreaming is supported by the information provided?
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Study Notes
Defensive Personality Styles
- Repressive coping is a cognitive or emotional effort to ignore internal or external threatening stimuli.
- Repressors are individuals who avoid anxiety-provoking information and display limited self-awareness.
- Repressive coping is associated with lower PTSD symptomatology, but repressors often show high physiological arousal despite reporting low anxiety.
- Repressors have been found to have higher basal cortisol levels than individuals with low anxiety.
- Weinberger et al. (1979) identified repressors using anxiety scale scores and defensiveness scores.
Vigilance-Avoidance Theory
- The vigilance-avoidance theory explains that while a physiological stress response occurs when a threat is identified, avoidant cognitive biases inhibit the conscious experience of anxiety.
Evidence for Vigilance-Avoidance Theory
- A fMRI study by Paul et al. (2012) compared repressors and sensitizers (high vigilance, low avoidance) while viewing emotional and neutral faces.
- Repressive coping styles were associated with increased brain activity in response to threatening expressions compared to neutral expressions.
- This heightened brain activity occurred at an automatic, non-conscious level.
Monitors and Blunters
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Monitors:
- Hyper-attentive to threats
- Continuously scan for potential dangers
- Amplify threatening cues
-
Blunters:
- Ignore threats
- Downplay risks
- Engage in self-distraction
Freud’s Approach
- Freud's background in neurology influenced his understanding of the brain and his development of psychoanalysis.
- He believed future psychology would be rooted in organic substructures.
- He considered psychoanalysis as a therapy difficult to apply directly.
Interpretation of Dreams
- Freud considered dreams the "royal road to the unconscious," suggesting that repressed desires surface in dreams through imagery and symbolism.
- This theory is supported by evidence such as the Minnesota Starvation Experiment (1944-1945), where participants experiencing severe hunger dreamt and fantasized about food.
Latent Content vs. Manifest Content
- Latent content refers to the hidden meaning and desires within dreams, representing primary processes and unconscious censorship.
- Manifest content describes the actual content experienced in dreams and is a censored expression of latent content.
Dreams and REM Sleep
- Aserinsky and Kleitman (1953) identified four stages of non-REM sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
- Most individuals report vivid dreams upon waking during REM sleep, while few report dreaming during non-REM stages.
Potential Counter-evidence to Freud's Theory
- Hobson and McCarley (1977) proposed the activation-synthesis model (AIM model), suggesting that dreams are meaningless byproducts of chaotic brain activity during REM sleep.
- This model contradicts Freud's theory by suggesting that dreams are not related to repressed desires or motivational drives.
Arguments Against Hobson and McCarley
- Dreaming can occur independently of REM sleep.
- Brain stem lesions that eliminate REM sleep do not eliminate dreaming, suggesting both can exist without the other.
- Loss of dreaming is linked to brain damage.
- Prefrontal lobotomies, aimed at reducing psychotic symptoms, cause a cessation of dreaming and a reduction in fantasy and curiosity in waking life.
The Role of Dopamine
- Solms discovered that the mesolimbic-mesocortical dopamine pathway is crucial for dreaming.
- Damage to this pathway stops dreaming but REM sleep continues.
- Antipsychotic medications, which block dopamine, inhibit dreaming but also increase the frequency and vividness of dreams through chemical dopamine stimulation.
Dreaming and Desires
- Dopamine's association with motivation and reward suggests a link between dreaming and desires, providing further support for Freud's theory.
Claudio Colac's Research
- Colac investigated drug dreams and found that individuals undergoing withdrawal frequently dreamt about using the desired substance, aligning with Freud's theory of dreams reflecting repressed desires.
The Emergence of Neuropsychoanalysis
- Neuropsychoanalysis aims to bridge psychoanalysis and neuroscience, recognizing that subjective data alone is not sufficient for a comprehensive understanding.
Neural Evidence for the Id
- Jaak Panksepp identified seven subcortical "basic emotional command systems" associated with specific emotional responses, potentially providing neural evidence for the Id. These systems include lust, fear, fight or flight, care, panic, rage, and play.
The Unconscious Mind
- Even in the absence of higher brain structures, infants still demonstrate awareness of their surroundings and responsiveness, suggesting that unconscious processes operate at a fundamental level.
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Description
Explore the concepts of defensive personality styles and the vigilance-avoidance theory. This quiz covers the mechanisms of repressive coping and how individuals respond to anxiety-provoking stimuli. Delve into the research findings that shed light on how these theories relate to emotional response and physiological arousal.
