Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

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Questions and Answers

Match the following types of research studies with their primary characteristics:

Cohort Study = Follows a group of individuals over time to assess the development of outcomes. Case-Control Study = Compares individuals with a condition to those without the condition to identify risk factors. Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) = Randomly assigns participants to different groups to test the effects of an intervention. Cross-Sectional Study = Collects data from a population at a single point in time.

Match the following statistical terms with their definitions:

P-value = The probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results actually observed, assuming that the null hypothesis is correct. Confidence Interval = A range of values that is likely to contain the true population parameter with a certain level of confidence. Statistical Power = The probability that the test will reject a false null hypothesis. Standard Deviation = A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values.

Match the following concepts with their explanations:

Incidence = The number of new cases of a disease or condition in a population over a specified period. Prevalence = The proportion of a population who have a specific disease or condition at a particular time. Sensitivity = The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who have the disease. Specificity = The ability of a test to correctly identify individuals who do not have the disease.

Match the following types of biases with their descriptions:

<p>Selection Bias = Occurs when the individuals or groups selected for a study are not representative of the population. Recall Bias = Systematic difference in the accuracy or completeness of recall of past events or experiences. Measurement Bias = Systematic error in the way information is collected. Publication Bias = Occurs when the outcome of an experiment or research study influences the decision whether to publish it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following ethical principles with their descriptions:

<p>Autonomy = Respect for an individual's right to self-determination and the freedom to make their own choices. Beneficence = The ethical obligation to maximize benefits and to do good. Non-maleficence = The ethical obligation to avoid causing harm. Justice = Fairness in the distribution of resources and the equal treatment of individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following study designs to their purpose:

<p>Meta-analysis = A statistical analysis that combines the results of multiple scientific studies. Systematic Review = A thorough search and critical appraisal of existing research on a specific topic. Case Study = An in-depth analysis of an individual, group, or event. Qualitative Study = Explores and seeks to understand the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each anesthetic agent with its primary mechanism of action:

<p>Propofol = Enhances GABA-A receptor activity. Ketamine = NMDA receptor antagonist. Sevoflurane = Multiple mechanisms including GABA-A and glycine receptor potentiation. Lidocaine = Blocks voltage-gated sodium channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of immunity with their mechanisms:

<p>Innate Immunity = Rapid, non-specific response involving physical barriers, phagocytes, and natural killer cells. Adaptive Immunity = Slower, specific response mediated by lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) and antibodies. Humoral Immunity = Antibody-mediated immunity that targets extracellular pathogens. Cell-mediated Immunity = T cell-mediated immunity that targets intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pulmonary function tests with the conditions they primarily assess:

<p>FEV1/FVC Ratio = Obstructive lung diseases like asthma and COPD. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) = Restrictive lung diseases like pulmonary fibrosis. Diffusion Capacity (DLCO) = Gas exchange abnormalities in diseases like emphysema or interstitial lung disease. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) = Airway obstruction and asthma severity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following cardiac biomarkers with the timing of their elevation after myocardial infarction:

<p>Troponin = Elevates within 3-12 hours, peaks at 24-48 hours, and remains elevated for 5-14 days. Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB) = Elevates within 3-12 hours, peaks at 24 hours, and returns to normal within 48-72 hours. Myoglobin = Elevates within 1-4 hours, peaks at 6-7 hours, and returns to normal within 24 hours. LDH = Elevates within 24 hours and peaks at 3-6 days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each type of diabetes medication with its primary mechanism of action:

<p>Metformin = Decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity. Sulfonylureas = Stimulate insulin release from pancreatic beta cells. DPP-4 Inhibitors = Increase incretin levels, which stimulate insulin release and decrease glucagon secretion. SGLT2 Inhibitors = Reduce glucose reabsorption in the kidney, increasing glucose excretion in the urine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following acid-base disorders with their causes:

<p>Respiratory Acidosis = Hypoventilation leading to CO2 retention. Respiratory Alkalosis = Hyperventilation leading to excessive CO2 exhalation. Metabolic Acidosis = Excess acid production or loss of bicarbonate. Metabolic Alkalosis = Excess bicarbonate production or loss of acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following genetic inheritance patterns with their characteristics:

<p>Autosomal Dominant = Affected individuals in every generation; one affected parent is usually present. Autosomal Recessive = Often skips generations; both parents must be carriers for an offspring to be affected. X-Linked Dominant = Affected fathers pass on the trait to all daughters but not sons; affected mothers have a 50% chance of passing on the trait to their children. X-Linked Recessive = More common in males; affected fathers cannot pass on the trait to their sons, and carrier mothers have a 50% chance of passing on the trait to their sons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their primary effects:

<p>Insulin = Lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells. Glucagon = Raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver. Cortisol = Increases blood glucose levels, suppresses the immune system. Thyroid Hormone = Increases metabolic rate and body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following renal conditions with their typical electrolyte imbalances:

<p>Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) = Hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) = Hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia, metabolic acidosis. Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH) = Hyponatremia. Diabetes Insipidus = Hypernatremia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following neurotransmitters with their primary functions:

<p>Dopamine = Reward, motivation, motor control. Serotonin = Mood regulation, sleep, appetite. Norepinephrine = Alertness, arousal, fight-or-flight response. GABA = Inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces neuronal excitability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following vaccine types with their mechanisms of action:

<p>Live Attenuated Vaccine = Uses a weakened form of the pathogen to stimulate an immune response without causing severe disease. Inactivated Vaccine = Uses a killed version of the pathogen to stimulate an immune response; requires booster shots. Subunit Vaccine = Uses specific components of the pathogen (e.g., proteins) to stimulate an immune response. mRNA Vaccine = Uses genetic material to instruct cells to produce viral proteins, triggering an immune response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statistical tests with their appropriate use:

<p>T-test = Compares the means of two groups. ANOVA = Compares the means of three or more groups. Chi-square Test = Analyzes categorical data to determine if there is a significant association between two variables. Regression Analysis = Examines the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts related to evidence-based medicine with their definitions:

<p>Number Needed to Treat (NNT) = The number of patients that need to be treated in order for one patient to benefit. Absolute Risk Reduction (ARR) = The difference in risk between the control group and the treatment group. Relative Risk (RR) = The ratio of the probability of an event occurring in the exposed group versus in the unexposed group. Odds Ratio (OR) = The ratio of the odds of an event occurring in one group to the odds of it occurring in another group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following radiographic findings with their associated conditions:

<p>Ground-glass opacity = Pulmonary edema or interstitial lung disease. Kerley B lines = Pulmonary edema, often due to heart failure. Honeycomb lung = Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Steeple sign = Croup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis)

A condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, often in the leg, potentially causing swelling, pain, and redness.

Wound Infection

An infection that occurs in a surgical wound, characterized by redness, tenderness, swelling, and potentially purulent drainage.

Study Notes

  • The patient is a 45-year-old obese female
  • Chief complaints include left leg swelling, tenderness, and redness
  • The patient has a history of pelvic surgery
  • Differential diagnosis includes:
    • Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
    • Wound infection

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

  • DVT is a blood clot that forms in a deep vein, usually in the leg
  • Risk factors for DVT include:
    • Obesity
    • Recent surgery, especially pelvic surgery
    • Age > 40
    • Immobility
    • Hypercoagulable states
  • Symptoms of DVT include:
    • Swelling
    • Pain or tenderness
    • Redness
    • Warmth
  • Diagnosis of DVT:
    • Wells score
    • D-dimer testing
    • Ultrasound
    • Venography (rarely used)
  • Complications of DVT can be serious:
    • Pulmonary embolism (PE) can occur if the clot breaks loose and travels to the lungs
    • Post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) can cause chronic pain, swelling, and skin changes in the affected leg
  • Treatment of DVT:
    • Anticoagulants (heparin, warfarin, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs))
    • Compression stockings
    • Thrombolysis (in severe cases)
    • IVC filter (in some cases)

Wound Infection

  • Wound infections occur when bacteria enter a surgical wound
  • Risk factors for wound infection include:
    • Obesity
    • Diabetes
    • Immunosuppression
    • Poor surgical technique
    • Prolonged surgery
  • Signs and symptoms include:
    • Redness
    • Swelling
    • Pain
    • Tenderness
    • Purulent drainage
    • Fever
  • Diagnosis of wound infection:
    • Clinical examination
    • Wound culture
  • Management of wound infection involves:
    • Antibiotics
    • Wound debridement
    • Wound care
  • Potential complications of wound infection:
    • Sepsis
    • Delayed wound healing
    • Scarring

Differential Diagnosis Considerations

  • Given the patient's history of pelvic surgery and presentation with left leg swelling, tenderness, and redness, both DVT and wound infection are plausible diagnoses
  • Obesity increases the risk for both DVT and wound infection
  • Pelvic surgery is a major risk factor for DVT due to venous stasis and potential damage to blood vessels
  • Post-operative wound infections can occur after any surgery
  • The location of the swelling is important; calf or thigh swelling is more suggestive of DVT, while localized swelling around the surgical incision would be more indicative of a wound infection
  • The presence of purulent drainage would strongly suggest a wound infection
  • The presence of fever and elevated white blood cell count would also favor wound infection
  • D-dimer testing can help rule out DVT, but a negative result does not completely eliminate the possibility
  • Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality for diagnosing DVT
  • Wound culture is essential for identifying the causative organism in a wound infection and guiding antibiotic therapy

Further Evaluation

  • A thorough physical examination is necessary to assess the wound site and look for signs of infection
  • A lower extremity ultrasound should be performed to rule out DVT
  • A D-dimer test can be helpful if the pretest probability of DVT is low
  • If a wound infection is suspected, the wound should be cultured
  • Laboratory tests like complete blood count (CBC) and inflammatory markers (ESR, CRP) are useful.

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