23 Questions
What percentage of acute pulmonary embolism originates from thrombi in the leg or pelvic veins?
95%
What is the outcome of massive pulmonary emboli?
Sudden death due to right ventricular failure
What happens to lung units in pulmonary embolism?
They become deadspace units, reducing oxygenation
What is the effect of pulmonary embolism on right ventricular function?
Right ventricular dilation
What is a common symptom of pulmonary embolism?
Abrupt onset of pleuritic chest pain
What is the effect of hypoxia on the body in pulmonary embolism?
It stimulates the release of vasoconstrictors
What is the primary characteristic of massive PE according to the American Heart Association?
Sustained hypotension with systolic BP < 90 mmHg for at least 15 min
Which of the following is NOT a component of Virchow's triad?
Right ventricular dysfunction
A patient presents with a systolic BP of 85 mmHg for 20 minutes and requires inotropic support. What category of PE would they most likely be classified as?
Massive PE
What is the primary difference between sub-massive PE and low-risk PE?
Presence of right ventricular dysfunction
A patient has a chest CTA that shows right ventricular dilatation. What category of PE would they most likely be classified as?
Sub-massive PE
What is the primary mechanism by which leukocytic pyrogens reset the hypothalamic thermostat?
By responding to antigenic stimulation from invading pathogens
What is the effect of fever on the body's metabolic rate?
It increases metabolic rate
What is the primary symptom experienced by a patient before their core temperature reaches the new thermostat setting?
Chills and shivering
What is the primary reason for the hypothalamic thermostat reset during fever?
To respond to antigenic stimulation from invading pathogens
What is the effect of fever on the body's heat production and heat conservation mechanisms?
It increases both heat production and heat conservation mechanisms
What occurs when the reason for the thermostat reset resolves?
The body's heat dissipation mechanisms come into play
Which part of the brain contains neurons that respond to cold or warm stimuli?
Hypothalamus
How does the body dissipate heat?
Through conduction, convection, and evaporation
What is the normal variation in body temperature?
+/- 1°F (0.5°C)
What is the effect of exercise on body temperature?
It raises body temperature by 2-3°C
How long does it typically take for night shift workers to adjust to a day shift schedule?
Several days
When do people who work during the day and sleep at night typically register their lowest body temperature?
Between 3:00 and 6:00 A.M.
Learn about the causes and effects of pulmonary embolism, including how deep vein thrombosis leads to venous thromboembolism and acute pulmonary embolism. Understand how emboli pass through the right ventricle and reach the pulmonary arterial circulation.
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