Decode the Science of DNA Virus Replication

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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of viral capsids?

  • To cause mutations in nucleic acids
  • To protect nucleic acids from physical and enzymatic damages (correct)
  • To mediate the binding and penetration of virus inside the host cell
  • To secrete cellular defense against infections

What is the pericapsid and which families of viruses have it?

  • It is composed of phospholipids and is present only in some families of viruses like orthomyxovirus and herpesvirus (correct)
  • It is composed of viral glycoproteins and all families of viruses have it
  • It is a viral protein and all families of viruses have it
  • It is a type of viral genome packaging found in all families of viruses

What is the role of capsid proteins of naked viruses?

  • To stimulate the host immune system
  • To protect nucleic acids from physical damages
  • To protect nucleic acids from enzymatic damages
  • To mediate the binding and penetration of virus inside the host cell (correct)

What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?

<p>To synthesize mRNAs for translation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of retroviral reverse transcriptase in viral replication?

<p>To synthesize DNA from an RNA template (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is used for the synthesis of new molecules of viral genome in riboviruses with double-stranded RNA?

<p>(-) RNA strand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of integrase in retroviral replication?

<p>To catalyze the integration of viral DNA into host genome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the only function of the genomic RNA in riboviruses with diploid genome?

<p>To be used for the synthesis of double-stranded DNA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pericapsid in viral sensitivity to organic disinfectants?

<p>Pericapsid dissolves lipids in the virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between productive and abortive viral infection?

<p>Productive infection leads to the production of viral particles, while abortive infection does not (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is viral tropism?

<p>The ability of the virus to recognize specific receptors and infect specific cell types (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the period between viral penetration and maturation called?

<p>Period of eclipse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of M2 protein in influenza virus?

<p>Acts as an ion channel and causes acidification of endocytic vesicle containing the virus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the replication strategy of Picornaviridae and Flaviviridae?

<p>Their complete linear RNA genomes act as mRNA and is translated into a viral polyprotein which is subsequently cleaved into individual proteins by the viral protease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of RNA polymerase in + RNA viruses?

<p>Synthesis of viral genome and mRNAs for structural proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus group has only the translation of the 5' portion of viral genome?

<p>Togaviruses, coronaviruses and caliciviruses (hepatitis E virus). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the replication strategy of Parvovirus and Papovavirus?

<p>Parvovirus can replicate only in cells that are in active proliferation, while Papovaviruses induce the progression of the cell cycle from the G1 to the S phase. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of (-) RNA in riboviruses with negative RNA genome?

<p>It cannot serve as mRNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 1st group?

<p>Viral gene expression occurs in the nucleus through RNA polymerase II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 2nd group?

<p>The entire replication cycle is completed in the cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 3rd group?

<p>Viral gene expression requires synthesis of a complementary DNA strand (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 4th group?

<p>Viral gene expression occurs in the nucleus through RNA polymerase II (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do DNA viruses require to replicate their genome?

<p>Their own DNA polymerase encoded in their genome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of capsid proteins in naked viruses?

<p>To mediate the binding and penetration of the virus inside the host cell (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pericapsid in some families of viruses?

<p>To act as virus receptor to target cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of nucleases and esterase in viral infections?

<p>To cause enzymatic damages to nucleic acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of viral capsids?

<p>To protect nucleic acids from physical damages and enzymatic damages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viral component is often the major antigen of naked viruses?

<p>Capsid proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 2nd group?

<p>They complete the replication cycle in the cytoplasm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 3rd group?

<p>Their genome encodes for a DNA polymerase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is used by HBV to synthesize its genome?

<p>Reverse transcriptase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many replicative strategies do DNA viruses in the 1st group follow for the synthesis of mRNAs?

<p>3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus group has a partially double-stranded DNA genome?

<p>Hepadnaviruses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?

<p>To synthesize new molecules of viral genome from template RNAs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA is used for the synthesis of new molecules of viral genome in retroviruses?

<p>Genomic RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of integrase in retroviral replication?

<p>To integrate viral DNA into host genome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the only function of the genomic RNA in riboviruses with diploid genome?

<p>To be used for the double-stranded DNA synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of (+) RNA in retroviruses?

<p>To serve as mRNAs for translation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the period between viral penetration and maturation of viral progeny called?

<p>Period of eclipse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of M2 protein in influenza virus?

<p>It acts as an ion channel and causes the acidification of endocytic vesicle containing the virus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is viral tropism?

<p>The ability of the virus to recognize specific receptors and thus to infect specific cell types (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pericapsid in viral sensitivity to organic disinfectants?

<p>It accounts for the sensitivity of certain viruses to organic disinfectants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between productive and abortive viral infection?

<p>Productive infection leads to the production of viral particles, while abortive infection does not (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the replicative strategy for riboviruses with negative RNA genome?

<p>They synthesize new molecules of RNA with negative polarity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus group has complete linear RNA genomes that act as mRNA?

<p>Picornaviridae and Flaviviridae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in + RNA viruses?

<p>It synthesizes new molecules of RNA with positive polarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells can Parvovirus replicate in?

<p>Cells that are in active proliferation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viruses have only the translation of the 5' portion of viral genome?

<p>Togaviruses, Coronaviruses and Caliciviruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of viral capsids?

<p>To protect nucleic acids from physical and enzymatic damages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of pericapsid in some families of viruses?

<p>It is composed of phospholipids derived from cytoplasmic or intracellular membranes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of capsid proteins of naked viruses?

<p>To mediate the binding and penetration of the virus inside the host cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause mutations in nucleic acids?

<p>UV radiation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of pericapsid in some families of viruses?

<p>Viral glycoproteins and phospholipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the period between viral penetration and maturation of viral progeny called?

<p>Period of eclipse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of M2 protein in influenza virus?

<p>It acts as an ion channel and causes the acidification of endocytic vesicle containing the virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is viral tropism?

<p>The ability of the virus to recognize specific receptors and infect specific cell types (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pericapsid in viral sensitivity to organic disinfectants?

<p>It accounts for the sensitivity of certain viruses to organic disinfectants that can dissolve lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between productive and abortive viral infection?

<p>Productive infection leads to the production of viral particles while abortive infection does not result in the production of viral particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the replicative strategy for DNA viruses in the 2nd group?

<p>The entire replication cycle is completed in the cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of DNA viruses requires the completion of the + strand by cellular enzymes before viral gene expression?

<p>4th group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in the number of phases of viral gene expression between Herpesviruses/Adenoviruses and Papovaviruses?

<p>Herpesviruses/Adenoviruses have 3 phases, Papovaviruses have 2 phases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of DNA viruses requires synthesis of the complementary DNA strand before gene expression by the cellular RNA polymerase II?

<p>3rd group (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which DNA virus group uses a RNA-dependent DNA polymerase to synthesize its genome?

<p>4th group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells can Parvovirus replicate in?

<p>Cells in active proliferation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of viruses includes Picornaviridae and Flaviviridae?

<p>Viruses with (+) sense RNA genomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in (+) RNA viruses?

<p>Synthesis of new molecules of RNA with positive polarity for viral genome and mRNAs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of RNA cannot serve as mRNA in riboviruses?

<p>Single-stranded RNA with negative polarity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the replication strategy of Parvovirus and Papovavirus?

<p>Parvovirus induces the progression of the cell cycle from the G1 to the S phase, while Papovavirus can replicate only in cells that are in active proliferation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in viral replication?

<p>It synthesizes both (+) and (-) RNA strands in riboviruses with double-stranded RNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of DNA from an RNA template in retroviruses?

<p>Reverse transcriptase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the only function of the genomic RNA in riboviruses with diploid genome?

<p>To be used for the double stranded DNA synthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of retroviral integrase?

<p>It catalyzes the integration of viral DNA into the host genome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viruses have a segmented double-stranded RNA?

<p>Reoviruses and Rotaviruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of quasi-species in viral populations?

<p>The presence of genetically different viral variants in the same infected individual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most error-prone viral replicative enzyme?

<p>Reverse transcriptase of HBV and retroviruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause a genetic change to be stabilized in viral populations?

<p>Both random fluctuations and selective advantage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the ways in which viruses can be genetically modified?

<p>Both acquiring mutations and re-assortment/recombination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most variable region of the HIV genome?

<p>Env gene (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which HIV-1 mutations make the virus resistant to almost all NNRTIs?

<p>Y181C and Y181I (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus has the smallest known animal DNA genome?

<p>HBV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of drugs target almost every step of HIV replication?

<p>Nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus uses Reverse Transcriptase for its genome replication?

<p>HBV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most frequent genotype of Hepatitis C Virus worldwide and in Europe?

<p>Genotype 1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which genotype of Hepatitis C Virus is significantly more prevalent among patients with liver cirrhosis and those with decompensated liver disease requiring liver transplantation?

<p>Genotype 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most efficient genotype of Hepatitis C Virus in driving steatosis?

<p>Genotype 3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important baseline predictor for response to Peg-IFN + Ribavirin Combination Therapy in Hepatitis C Virus?

<p>Genotype (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the error rate of RT enzyme during transcription of HIV genome?

<p>1:2,000-10,000 bases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is antigenic drift?

<p>A gradual and continuous change in antigenic properties of a virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which viruses are subject to antigenic drift?

<p>RNA viruses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is antigenic shift?

<p>A genetic reassortment that leads to new antigenic properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is a classic example of a virus subjected to antigenic drift?

<p>Influenza virus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is influenza virus prone to antigenic shift?

<p>Because of its segmented genome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the practical implication of viral evolution?

<p>It can explain seasonal outbreaks, host change and pandemics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does genetic variability in S gene affect HBV oncogenic potential?

<p>Deletions and stop codons can induce oxidative stress and favor neoplastic transformation of hepatocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of deletions in pre-S regions in HBV?

<p>It correlates with increased risk of liver cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of viral variability in the efficacy of immunity?

<p>It regulates the efficacy of natural and artificial immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of viral variability in the development of a vaccine?

<p>It can be relatively easy in some cases, and very difficult (nearly impossible) in others (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is viral recombination?

<p>The exchange of homologous stretches of genetic material between two virus strains co-infecting the same cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason for HCV's high degree of genetic variability?

<p>It lacks a proofreading function in its polymerase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do RNA viruses undergo recombination during replication?

<p>By breaking and rejoining homologous nucleic acid strands already synthesized (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of quasispecies?

<p>The high degree of variability of a virus at the patient level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference in recombination frequency between retroviruses and other viruses?

<p>Retroviruses have a higher frequency of recombination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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