CPU Architecture Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the CPU in a computer?

The CPU's primary function is to fetch, decode, and execute instructions.

Explain the significance of the Von Neumann architecture in computing.

The Von Neumann architecture is significant because it allows both instruction data and program data to be stored in the same memory, enabling efficient data processing.

How do special-purpose registers assist in the functioning of the CPU?

Special-purpose registers help the CPU fetch instructions from specific memory locations by holding data related to the instruction being processed.

What are embedded systems and what is a key characteristic of these systems?

<p>Embedded systems are specialized computer systems designed for a dedicated function within a larger system, optimizing for size and cost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact do the characteristics of a CPU have on its performance?

<p>The characteristics of a CPU, such as clock speed, core count, and cache size, directly impact its processing speed and overall performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main benefits of using defensive designs in programming?

<p>Defensive designs improve program reliability and security by anticipating user errors and potential threats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the importance of validation checks in software development.

<p>Validation checks are crucial because they ensure data integrity and prevent the entry of incorrect information into a system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a range check in data validation?

<p>A range check ensures that a value falls within a specified limit or sensible range, preventing erroneous data entry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the ethical implications of digital technology on society.

<p>Digital technology raises ethical concerns such as privacy violations, data security, and the digital divide among different socioeconomic groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does legislation impact the development and use of computer science technologies?

<p>Legislation establishes guidelines and regulations that ensure responsible use, protect intellectual property, and uphold user privacy in computer science.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using hexadecimal to represent binary numbers?

<p>Hexadecimal provides a more compact representation of large binary numbers, making them easier for programmers to read and understand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the roles of the most significant bit and least significant bit in binary representation.

<p>The most significant bit represents the largest value in the binary number, while the least significant bit represents the smallest value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a character set defined in computing?

<p>A character set is a defined list of characters that a computer recognizes, with each character assigned a unique binary number.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pixel and why is it significant in digital images?

<p>A pixel is the smallest addressable part of a digital image, representing one color at a time, and is essential for forming the visual content of images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define metadata in the context of digital images.

<p>Metadata refers to additional data stored with an image, including information about width, height, resolution, and color depth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of sample rate on sound quality in digital audio?

<p>Higher sample rates result in better approximation of the original analogue sound, leading to higher playback quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does quantization relate to sampling in digital sound?

<p>Quantization involves rounding the measured amplitude values from sampling into a set number of discrete values for storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between image resolution and the number of pixels?

<p>Image resolution refers to the total number of pixels in an image which directly affects the clarity and detail of the visual representation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between RAM and ROM?

<p>RAM is volatile memory used for temporary data storage, while ROM is non-volatile and contains permanent instructions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the term 'virtual memory'.

<p>Virtual memory is a memory management capability that allows a computer to use hard drive space to simulate additional RAM.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is secondary storage needed in computer systems?

<p>Secondary storage is needed to retain data even when the computer is powered off, as ROM and RAM cannot store data permanently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe what a cache is in the context of memory storage.

<p>A cache is a small-sized type of volatile memory that provides high-speed data access to the CPU by storing frequently accessed data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does data need to be formatted for processing in a computer system?

<p>Data must be converted into binary format, using bits represented as 0 (off) and 1 (on), enabling the computer to process and store it effectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during an overflow error in binary addition?

<p>An overflow error occurs when the result of a binary addition exceeds the maximum value storable in the designated bit size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'denary' refer to in terms of number systems?

<p>Denary refers to the base-10 number system, which is the standard system for counting and representing numbers using digits 0-9.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bits are needed to store the decimal number 317 without overflow?

<p>To store 317 without overflow, you would need at least 10 bits, as 8 bits can only represent values up to 255.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a format check ensure for input values?

<p>A format check ensures that input values conform to a specific structure or pattern, such as the correct format for emails or postcodes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a length check important in database fields?

<p>A length check is important to ensure that data entered into fields meets required length specifications, preventing blank entries or overly long data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the purpose of a presence check in data validation.

<p>A presence check is used to confirm that required data fields are not left blank and that acceptable values are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a check digit do in validation processes?

<p>A check digit validates the integrity of data by using a specific algorithm to verify that the data entered matches the expected format.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a range check function in data validation?

<p>A range check verifies that input values fall within a predefined acceptable range, ensuring they are neither too low nor too high.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a lookup table in validation?

<p>A lookup table retrieves acceptable values to validate user input, ensuring that only predefined valid entries are accepted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of a spell check in data validation.

<p>A spell check ensures that input words are correctly spelled according to a recognized dictionary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it necessary to conduct testing for programs?

<p>Testing is necessary to identify and correct logic errors within programs, ensuring they function as intended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of validating user inputs?

<p>Validating user inputs is crucial to ensure data accuracy, security, and compliance with required formats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can format checks improve user experience?

<p>Format checks improve user experience by providing immediate feedback on input errors, guiding users to enter valid data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one main advantage of a star network topology?

<p>Fast data transfer due to fewer data collisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a mesh network topology enhance network reliability?

<p>It allows multiple connections between devices, so if one link fails, others can still maintain connectivity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does IP addressing play in a network?

<p>It allows routers to forward packets efficiently between networks based on the recipient's address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'networking standards'?

<p>Rules created to ensure that different computer systems can communicate effectively across networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of layers in network communication?

<p>Layers divide the communication problem into subparts, allowing specialized protocols for each function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common disadvantage of a star topology?

<p>If the central device fails, the entire network goes down.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are protocols important in networking?

<p>Protocols define the rules for communication between devices in a network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of a routing table in IP networks?

<p>It lists networks and the most efficient routes for data packets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Embedded System

A dedicated computer system designed for a specific task within a larger mechanical/electrical system.

Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle

The central processing unit (CPU) fetches, decodes, and executes instructions from memory.

Cache

A specialized memory location within the CPU that stores data and instructions temporarily for faster access.

Bus

A collection of parallel wires used to transfer data and control signals between different components, such as the CPU and memory.

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Von Neumann Architecture

A core design principle for modern computers where both instructions and data are stored in the same memory location. This enables the CPU to efficiently access both types of information.

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Type Check

Data is of the correct type, such as an integer, letter, or text.

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Presence Check

Ensures that data has been entered, i.e., it is not blank or empty.

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Data Validation

Data validation helps ensure that input is correct and within acceptable limits.

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Range Check

A range check ensures that a number or date falls within a reasonable or allowed range.

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What are validation checks used for?

Validation checks help prevent errors and make software more robust.

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What is the purpose of primary storage (memory)?

Primary storage (memory) enables fast access to data that the CPU is using. It is called primary storage as it's the first level where the CPU accesses data.

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What is the main purpose of RAM?

RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile memory that loses its data when the power is turned off. It's used by the CPU to temporarily store data and instructions while the computer is running. It's much faster than secondary storage.

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What does ROM store?

ROM (Read Only Memory) is non-volatile memory that retains its data even when the power is turned off. It contains the basic instructions the computer needs to start up, called the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System).

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What is virtual memory and how does it work?

Virtual memory enables a computer to use more memory than it physically has by swapping data between RAM and secondary storage. This allows the computer to run more programs simultaneously, but it can slow down performance.

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What is cache memory?

Cache is a small, fast memory that stores frequently accessed data so it can be retrieved quickly. This speeds up computer performance. It's located between the CPU and RAM, acting as a buffer.

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What is the purpose of secondary storage?

Secondary storage is used to store data permanently. It's slower than primary storage, but it's non-volatile, meaning it retains data even when the power is off. It's used to store the computer's operating system, applications, and user files.

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What are HDDs?

Hard disk drives (HDDs) are a type of magnetic storage that uses spinning platters to store data. They're relatively inexpensive and offer large amounts of storage, but they're slower than other types of secondary storage.

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What are SSDs?

Solid-state drives (SSDs) are a type of flash memory that uses integrated circuits to store data. They're faster and more durable than HDDs, but they are more expensive.

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Star Network Topology

A network topology where all devices connect to a central hub, like a star.

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Mesh Network Topology

A network topology where each device is directly connected to every other device, creating a web-like structure.

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Wired Network

A network connection that uses physical cables or wires to transmit data.

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Wireless Network

A network connection that uses radio waves to transmit data wirelessly.

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MAC Address (Media Access Control Address)

A unique identifier assigned to each device on a network, used for communication within the network.

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IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)

A unique identifier assigned to each device on a network, used for communication across the internet.

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Protocol

A set of rules that govern data exchange between devices on a network.

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Layered Network Architecture

A structured process used to represent network communication, dividing it into distinct phases.

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Format Check

Ensures that data entered into a field is in the correct format, like a postcode or email address.

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Check Digit

Uses a specific algorithm to verify the accuracy of data by checking one or more digits.

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Spell Check

Examines data for misspellings or incorrect words by comparing it against a dictionary.

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Lookup Table

Verifies data by comparing it against a predefined set of acceptable values stored in a table.

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Length Check

Determines the length of data and ensures it meets the specified requirement, such as a password needing a minimum length.

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Hexadecimal

A representation of a number using the base 16 system, where digits are 0-9 followed by A-F, representing 10-15. Offers a more compact way to represent binary numbers.

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Most Significant Bit (MSB)

The leftmost bit in a binary representation, holding the greatest positional weight, indicating a larger value.

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Least Significant Bit (LSB)

The rightmost bit in a binary representation, holding the smallest positional weight, representing the least significant value.

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Left Shift

Process of shifting bits to the left within a binary representation, effectively multiplying the value by 2 for each shift.

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Right Shift

Process of shifting bits to the right within a binary representation, effectively dividing the value by 2 for each shift.

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Character Set

A set of characters recognized by a computer, consisting of a specific mapping between each symbol and a unique binary code.

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Bitmap Image

A representation of an image as a grid of colored squares, each square being a pixel.

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Image Resolution

The finest detail an image can represent. Determined by the number of pixels that make up the image, higher resolution means more detail, smaller size & higher storage.

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Study Notes

1.1.1 CPU Architecture

  • Central Processing Unit (CPU) purpose: takes input, processes data, and delivers output
  • CPU function: fetching, decoding, and executing instructions
  • Fetch-Execute-Decode Cycle:
    • Fetch: retrieves the next instruction from main memory (RAM)
    • Decode: interprets the instruction to determine its type and required actions.
    • Execute: carries out the instruction, potentially including retrieving data from RAM, performing calculations, or storing results in RAM.

1.1.2 CPU Components

  • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): performs arithmetic and logical operations.
  • Control Unit (CU): manages the flow of data and instructions within the CPU by sending electrical control signals.
  • Registers: small, high-speed storage areas inside the CPU for temporary data and instructions.
  • Cache: small storage, faster than RAM, used to store frequently accessed data for quicker retrieval.

1.1.2 Von Neumann Architecture

  • Program data and instruction data stored in the same memory location in binary form.
  • Key characteristics: CPU, CU, ALU, onboard cache, internal clock
  • Each instruction stored in memory with a unique address

1.1.3 Embedded Systems

  • Embedded system: a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system.
  • Typical properties: low power consumption, small size, rugged operating systems, and low cost per unit.
  • Examples: hospital instruments, traffic lights, domestic appliances.

1.2.1 Primary Storage (Memory)

  • Primary storage: RAM (Random Access Memory), ROM (Read Only Memory), registers, and cache.
  • RAM: used for data and instructions currently in use. Volatile (data lost when power off), fast access.
  • ROM: holds the initial program instructions. Non-volatile (data remains when power off), used for initial boot-up.

1.2.2 Secondary Storage

  • Secondary storage: used for more permanent storage (longer than RAM). Access time is significantly slower than primary memory.
  • Typical media: optical drives (CD-ROMs, DVDs), magnetic drives (hard disks).
  • Solid-state storage (SSDs) offer faster access speeds and some data loss.

1.2.3 Storage Units

  • Bit, Nibble, Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte, Petabyte

1.2.4 Data Capacity

  • Formula for calculating file sizes:
    • Text files: Bits per character * number of characters
    • Sound files: Sample rate * duration * bit depth
    • Image files: Color depth * image height (pixels) * image width (pixels)

1.3 Computer Networks

  • Types of network:
    • LAN (Local Area Network): covers a small geographic area, typically within a single building.
    • WAN (Wide Area Network): covers a large geographic area, connecting several LANs. (e.g. Internet).
  • Bandwidth: the amount of data transferred per unit time on a network.
  • Factors affecting network performance: bandwidth, number of users, transmission media, latency.

1.3.1 Network Topologies

  • Star topology: all devices connect to a central node (e.g. a switch).
  • Mesh topology: multiple paths exist between devices for redundancy.

1.3.2 Network Connection Modes

  • Wired, e.g., Ethernet (Ethernet cables)
  • Wireless, e.g., Wi-Fi (uses radio waves)
  • Bluetooth (short distances)

1.3.3 Network Protocols

  • Ethernet, TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP.

1.3.4 Network Addresses

  • Network Interface Card(NIC) addresses:
  • IP (Internet Protocol) addresses: identify a device on a network for communication across networks.
  • MAC (Media Access Control) addresses: a unique identifier for a device on the network.
  • Routers or a switch or a gateway will help direct traffic on different networks.

1.4 Network Security

  • Security risks and threats to networks.

1.5 Systems Software

  • Operating systems (e.g., Windows, macOS, Linux).
  • Ethical issues regarding privacy.
  • Loss of privacy and data security.
  • Ethical issues regarding AI and automation.
  • Legal issues related to software licenses.
  • Cultural issues due to digital divides.

2.3 Robust Programs

  • Defensive programming design
  • Authentication
  • Password routines
  • Data validation

T3 Errors and Testing

  • Error types: syntax errors and logical errors.
  • Testing: iterative testing and final testing.
  • Tools: trace tables, print statements, and comments for program understanding.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of CPU architecture, including the main components such as the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit (CU), and the Fetch-Execute-Decode cycle. Additionally, it explores the Von Neumann architecture and how these elements interact to process data and execute instructions effectively. Test your understanding of the critical role the CPU plays in computing.

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