Decision-Making Styles and Processes

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which decision-making style is characterized by verbal arguments and works well for simple, rule-based decisions?

Intuitive thinking (system 1)

Conscious deliberation (system 2) (correct)

Hot cognition

Unconscious processing

What is a potential advantage of unconscious deliberation when making complex decisions?

It forms a more global impression and takes more information into account (correct)

It weighs all aspects equally

It is more limited in capacity

It focuses on specific details

In the apartment selection experiment, what was the outcome of participants having to perform another task between being given the information and making a decision?

They chose based on their emotions.

They made a better decision. (correct)

It had no impact on their choice.

They made a worse choice.

What is a critique of thinking for too long about a decision?

It can lead to too much focus on less relevant aspects (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of 'hot cognition,' what concept is described as a subjective evaluation on a negative vs. positive dimension?

Affect (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an 'action tendency' according to the text?

The impulse to display specific behaviour (D) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which of the following is NOT considered an affect?

Cognition (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are characteristics of emotions as described in the text?

They are object-oriented and associated with feelings and action tendencies (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the content provided, what is the primary characteristic that distinguishes affective processes from cognitive processes?

Affective processes are more automatic, while cognitive processes involve more deliberation. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In the Bargh experiment, what was the key finding regarding performance on the two tasks (evaluation and synonym selection) when stimuli were presented very briefly?

Participants performed better in the evaluation task (affective) compared to the synonym selection task (cognitive) when the stimuli were presented very briefly. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What neurological pathway allows for a quick emotional reaction to a stimulus, bypassing conscious interpretation?

The direct connection between the sensory thalamus and the amygdala. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does damage to the emotional pathway have on decision-making, as demonstrated by the Iowa gambling task?

Damage to the emotional pathway results in people still choosing riskier options, even when they are aware of the negative consequences. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the negativity bias, according to the content?

The tendency to give more attention, weight, and processing to negative information. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does the content characterize the processing of negative emotional stimuli, such as angry faces presented subliminally?

Negative stimuli can trigger a physiological response even if they are presented subliminally. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In the study where participants had to evaluate subliminal words, what was observed regarding the response times when judging positive, negative, or neutral words?

Participants showed the best performance specifically when judging negative words. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'automatic vigilance' refer to regarding negative information?

It relates to spending more time focusing on negative information. (A) Signup and view all the answers

According to the self-affirmation theory, what is the primary response to experiencing discrepant behavior?

Attempting to restore self-concept, potentially through attitude change. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In split-cable market tests, what was the general finding regarding the effectiveness of advertising?

Advertising was found to increase sales of new products more significantly than existing ones. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the content indicate about the effectiveness of subliminal messages used in the 'drink cola' and 'eat popcorn' cinema study?

The study's findings were later identified as a hoax. (D) Signup and view all the answers

According to the experiments cited, under what condition are subliminal messages more likely to be persuasive?

When the individual is already inclined to act in line with the message, such as thirst, or a particular political candidate. (B) Signup and view all the answers

The Greenwald cassette experiments found that objective measurements of improvement did not increase after participants used the tapes, but that participants self reported positive changes based on their label. Which psychological phenomenon does this demonstrate a susceptibility to?

The placebo effect (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary conclusion drawn about the accessibility of stimuli after the application of subliminal messages?

Subliminal messages elevate the accessibility of a stimulus for a short amount of time. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, how do media and advertising often perpetuate stereotypes?

By maintaining traditional role patterns, for instance authority figures being portrayed by blank men. (C) Signup and view all the answers

In relation to subliminal messages, what's the significant difference between laboratory experiments and real-world scenarios according to the text?

Laboratory studies often measure effects immediately after stimuli, whereas real-world effects are more long-term. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to happen if there is a large time gap between the first and second part of information presented?

The first part of information will be more impactful. (D) Signup and view all the answers

When is a message most effective in changing attitudes, according to the text?

When the message has a moderate discrepancy with the existing attitude. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What type of emotional message is generally best for cognitively-based attitudes?

Rational messages. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is most likely to happen when positive emotions are induced in regards to persuasion?

Individuals are more likely to agree with controversial viewpoints. (C) Signup and view all the answers

An individual with a high need for cognition is most likely to be persuaded by:

Messages that align with their cognitive needs. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals with high self-monitoring tend to be persuaded?

By messages that enhance their desired social image. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens when people are forewarned that someone is going to try and persuade them?

They develop resistance arguments. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea behind the 'vaccination hypothesis' as described in the text?

Exposing people to small doses of contra-attitudinal messages to build resistance to similar influences. (A) Signup and view all the answers

If an individual is asked to deliver a speech that is in conflict with their attitude, what is most likely to happen?

They are more likely to change their attitude to align with what they spoke. (C) Signup and view all the answers

According to cognitive dissonance theory, what is a key motivator for people?

To maintain consistency between their attitudes, behaviors and beliefs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does exposure to sexist advertising affect men's behavior?

It leads to higher levels of dominance, proximity-seeking, and sexualized behaviors. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary finding of the experiment regarding the impact of stereotypical advertising on women?

Women assess their own self-confidence, independence, and career ambitions lower after exposure to stereotypical ads. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'face-ism' refer to, as indicated in the text?

The disproportionate depiction of men's faces compared to women's faces in popular magazines, often emphasizing power. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the text's conclusion about the impact of media on body image?

Media has a more negative impact on body image for people who are already worried about it. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is 'femvertising'?

A type of advertising that aims to empower women and challenge traditional gender stereotypes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between American and Korean advertisements as described in the text?

American ads highlight individuality and competition, whereas Korean ads promote group welfare and family. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the text define self-esteem as?

An attitude towards oneself. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a basic function of groups, according to the text?

To realize large projects and achieve social status and identity. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect when the number of members in a group exceeds the optimal size for a task?

Decreased member motivation and reduced collaboration. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of 'functional group size' refer to?

The number of members actively contributing to group tasks. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior demonstrates the concept of 'group territory' according to the text?

A group having a designated area that they feel belongs to them, that they may mark and defend. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why do people tend to walk between a group and the wall instead of through the group, in the described experiment?

To respect the group's territory or space. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of poorly defined group territories, as indicated by the text?

Elevated stress levels and discomfort among members. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does the availability of private spaces within group territories affect individual members?

It diminishes feelings of being crowded and promotes personal expression. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Based on the rat experiment described, what is the potential effect of high population density?

Dysfunctional behavior and elevated mortality. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'normative structure' of a group refer to?

The established rules and expected behaviors within the group. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 6: Social Cognition - page 7
Chapter 6.1: Social Cognition, introduction - page 7
Chapter 6.1.1: Social Cognitive Approach - page 7
Chapter 6.1.2: History of Social Cognition - page 8
Chapter 6.1.3: Concept of Schema - page 8
Chapter 6.1.4: Effects of Schemas on Information Processing - page 8
Chapter 6.2: Automatic Processes page 11
Chapter 6.2.1: History of Automatic Processes Research - page 11
Chapter 6.2.2: Characteristics of Automatic Processes - page 12
Chapter 6.2.3: Automaticity: Affect vs. Cognition - page 13
Chapter 6.2.4: Individual Differences in Implicit Reactions - page 14
Chapter 6.2.5: The Fallible and Unconscious Decider - page 15
Chapter 6.3: 'Hot Cognition': Affect, Motivation, and Cognition - page 16
Chapter 6.3.1: Affect: Emotions and Moods - page 16
Chapter 6.3.2: The Influence of Cognition on Affect - page 16
Chapter 6.3.3: The Influence of Affect on Cognition - page 18
Chapter 6.3.4: Predicting Future Affect - page 19
Chapter 6.3.5: The Influence of Motivation on Cognition - page 20
Chapter 6.4: Conclusion - page 21
Chapter 7: Attitudes - page 21
Chapter 7.1: Introduction - page 21
Chapter 7.2: Attitudes: Basic Findings - page 21
Chapter 7.2.1: Three Components of Attitude - page 21
Chapter 7.2.2: Attitude Strength - page 22
Chapter 7.2.3: Explicit and Implicit Attitudes - page 23
Chapter 7.2.4: Relation Between Attitudes and Behavior - page 24
Chapter 7.3: Persuasion Through Communication - page 24
Chapter 7.3.1: Two Routes to Persuasion - page 25
Chapter 7.3.2: The Source - page 26
Chapter 7.3.3: The Message - page 26
Chapter 7.3.4: The Audience - page 27
Chapter 7.4: Persuasion Through Own Behavior - page 28
Chapter 7.4.1: Cognitive Dissonance Theory - page 28
Chapter 7.4.2: Applications of Dissonance Theory to Effort and Choices - page 29
Chapter 7.4.3: Boundary Conditions of Dissonance Theory - page 29
Chapter 7.4.4: Alternative Routes to Self-Persuasion - page 29
Chapter 7.5: Advertising and Education - page 30
Chapter 7.5.1: Subliminal Messages - page 30
Chapter 7.5.2: Stereotypes in Media - page 30
Chapter 7.5.3 : Cultural Differences - page 31
Chapter 7.6: Conclusion - page 31
Chapter 11: The Social-Psychological Basis of Groups - page 31
Chapter 11.1: Characteristics of Groups - page 31
Chapter 11.1.1: Fundamental Functions of Groups - page 31
Chapter 11.1.2: Groups as Safe Havens - page 32
Chapter 11.1.3: Group Size - page 32
Chapter 11.1.4: Group Territory - page 33
Chapter 11.2: Group Structure - page 33
Chapter 11.2.1: Norms and Roles - page 33
Chapter 11.2.2: Affective Structure of Groups - page 34
Chapter 11.2.3: Communication Structure - page 35
Chapter 11.2.4: Group Composition and Diversity - page 35
Chapter 11.3: Power and Leadership: Hierarchical Relationships Among Group Members - page 36
Chapter 11.3.1: Power - page 36
Chapter 11.3.2: Classical Leadership Approaches - page 37
Chapter 11.3.3: Dynamic Models of Leadership - page 38
Chapter 11.3.4: Toxic Leadership - page 38
Chapter 11.3.5: Leaders' Decisions - page 39
Chapter 11.4: The Presence of Other Groups - page 40
Chapter 11.4.1: Impact on Group Behavior - page 40
Chapter 11.4.2: Impact on Leadership - page 40
Chapter 11.4.3: Conflict Escalation - page 40
Chapter 11.5: Conclusion - page 41
Chapter 12: Group Performances - page 42
Chapter 12.1: Collective Processes - page 42
Chapter 12.1.1: Social Facilitation - page 42
Chapter 12.1.2: Social Loafing - page 43
Chapter 12.1.3: Collective Processes: An Integration - page 44
Chapter 12.2: Conflicts and Different Opinions - page 44
Chapter 12.2.1: Opinion Deviants - page 44
Chapter 12.2.2: Social Decision Schemes - page 45
Chapter 12.2.3: Group Polarization- page 45
Chapter 12.3: Performances in Small, Task-Oriented Groups - page 46
Chapter 12.3.1: Group Performance: Combining Individual Contributions - page 46
Chapter 12.3.2: Brainstorming - Page 47
Chapter 12.3.3: Working Brainstorming - Page 48
Chapter 12.3.4: Group Memory - Page 48
Chapter 12.3.5: Heuristics - Page 48
Chapter 12.3.6: Strategies increasing Group Efficiency- Page 49
Chapter 12.3.7: Collective Intelligence - Page 49
Chapter 12.4: Groupthink: Loss of Perspective - Page 49
Chapter 12.4.1: The Groupthink Model - Page 50
Chapter 12.4.2: Empirical Research on Groupthink- Page 50
Chapter 12.4.3: Avoiding Groupthink - Page 51
Chapter 12.5: Conclusion - Page 51
Chapter 13: Stereotypes, Prejudices, and Discrimination - page 51
Chapter 13.1: Introduction - page 51
Chapter 13.2: Expressions of Prejudices - page 52
Chapter 13.2.1: Subtle and Obvious Prejudices - page 52
Chapter 13.2.2: Implicit Prejudices - page 53
Chapter 13.2.3: Mutual Prejudices - page 53
Chapter 13.3: Roots of Prejudice and Discrimination- page 55
Chapter 13.3.1: Competition for Scarce Resources - page 55
Chapter 13.3.2: Minimal Groups and Social Identity - page 55
Chapter 13.4: Social Categorization and Stereotypes - page56
Chapter 13.4.1: Social Categorization- page 56
Chapter 13.4.2: Stereotypes - page 57
Chapter 13.5: Sexism - page 59
Chapter 13.5.1: Gender as a Fundamental Category - page 59
Chapter 13.5.2: Why Do Gender Stereotypes Persist? - page 60
Chapter 13.5.3: Ambivalent Sexism - page 60
Chapter 13.5.4: Intersectionality - page 61
Chapter 13.6: Conclusion - page 61
Chapter 14: The Diverse World - page 61
Chapter 14.1: Diversity - page 61
Chapter 14.1.1: Is Diversity a Problem? - page 62
Chapter 14.1.2: Hypersegregation- page 62
Chapter 14.2: Contact Reduces Prejudice - page 63
Chapter 14.2.1 : Contact Hypothesis - page 63
Chapter 14.2.2: Desegregation in US Schools - page 63
Chapter 14.2.3: Long-term Contact and Friendship - page 64
Chapter 14.2.4: Cognitive and Affective Consequences of Contact - page 64
Chapter 14.2.5: Diversity and Contact: Two Sides of the Coin - page 65
Chapter 14.3: Problems with Intergroup Contact - page 65
Chapter 14.3.1: Spontaneous Segregation - page 65
Chapter 14.3.2: Contact Experiences - page 65
Chapter 14.3.3: The Interview Setting - page 66
Chapter 14.3.4: After Contact - page 66
Chapter 14.3.5: Multiculturalism: A Good Approach? - page 66
Chapter 14.4: Coexistence in School and Work - page 68
Chapter 14.4.1: Ideal School - page 68
Chapter 14.4.2: Affirmative Action: Soft and Hard Measures - page 68
Chapter 14.4.3: Acceptance of Affirmative Action by the Majority - page 69
Chapter 14.4.4: Opponents of Affirmative Action - page 69
Chapter 14.4.5: The Psychological Dimension of Preferential Treatment by Quotas - page 69
Chapter 14.5: Effects of Well-Intended Measures, Media, and Rules - page 69
Chapter 14.5.1: Education - page 69
Chapter 14.5.2: Media - page 70
Chapter 14.5.3: Laws and Regulations - page 70
Chapter 14.5.4: The Influence of Others and Social Norms - page 70
Chapter 14.6: Conclusion - page 71
Chapter 15: Sustainability - pages 71-80
Chapter 15.1: Self-interest vs. Consideration of Others - page 71
Chapter 15.1.1: The Prisoner's Dilemma - page 71
Chapter 15.1.2: Resource Dilemmas - page 72
Chapter 15.1.3: Reduced Dilemmas - page 73
Chapter 15.1.4: Individual Differences in Prosocial Orientation and Trust - page 73
Chapter 15.1.5: Solving Social Dilemmas - page 74
Chapter 15.2: Ecological Action - page 74
Chapter 15.2.1: Psychological Barriers - page 75
Chapter 15.2.2: Adapting Behavior- page 75
Chapter 15.2.3: Interventions - page 76
Chapter 15.3: Conflict Resolution Page 77
Chapter 15.3.1: Fostering Cooperation - page 77
Chapter 15.3.2: Negotiation - page 78
Chapter 15.4: Having or Being? - page 80
Chapter 15.4.1: Money and Material Possessions - page 80
Chapter 15.4.2: Meaningful Relationships - page 80
Chapter 15.5: Conclusion - page 81
Chapter 17: The Political World - pages 81-89
Chapter 17.1: Political Knowledge and Attitudes - page 81
Chapter 17.1.1: Media and Agenda-Setting- page 81
Chapter 17.1.2: Organizing Political Attitudes in the Public - page 82
Chapter 17.1.3: Party Identification - page 82
Chapter 17.2: Ideological Attitudes - page 83
Chapter 17.2.1: Classical Studies on Authoritarianism - page 83
Chapter 17.2.2: New Perspectives on Authoritarianism - pages 84
Chapter 17.2.3: Social Dominance Orientation - page 84
Chapter 17.2.4: An Integrative Model - page 85
Chapter 17.2.5: Left-Wing Intolerance - page 85
Chapter 17.3: Personality Profiles of Politicians - page 86
Chapter 17.3.1: Psychobiographies - page 86
Chapter 17.3.2: Profiles Based on Surveys - page 87
Chapter 17.3.3: Moral Development - page 88
Chapter 17.3.4: Psychopathology - page 88
Chapter 17.4: Fearless Dominance - page 89
Appendix Articles A1-A5 - pages 90-107
Article A1: Escape from Thought Suppression - page 90
Article A2: Police Officer Dilemma - page 92
Article A3: Robustness - page 96
Article A4: Motivated Prejudice - page 99
Article A5: Perceived Team Diversity - page 101
Article A6: Improving Prosocial Behavior - page 103
Article A7: Political Extremism -page 105

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz explores various decision-making styles, including unconscious deliberation and emotional influences on decisions. It examines experiments and concepts related to hot cognition and the distinctions between affective and cognitive processes. Test your knowledge on how these theories apply in practice.