Decision-Making Models Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which decision-making approach aims to optimise a decision by comparing all available options under no time pressure?

  • Classical Decision Making (correct)
  • Memory Items processes and Procedures of the Manufacturer
  • Aviation Decision Making
  • Problem-solving and Decision-Making Training for Aviation

    • In which decision-making approach are decisions based on time constraints and experience, and training on recognizing problems and retrieving options within a limited boundary?

  • Classical Decision Making
  • Problem-solving and Decision-Making Training for Aviation
  • Memory Items processes and Procedures of the Manufacturer
  • Aviation Decision Making (correct)

    • What is the purpose of Decision Making Mnemonics in the context of problem-solving and decision-making?

  • To optimize decision-making under time pressure
  • To eliminate the need for decision-making
  • To structure the Judgement and Decision Process (correct)
  • To delay decision-making

    • When should the mnemonic 'FAD-TODARC' be used in aviation decision-making?

    <p>For all time limited and time available decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the problem-solving process involves the elements of 'Uncertainty Estimate' and 'Option Retrieval'?

    <p>Judgement Process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of problem-solving, what does 'FAD-TODAR' assist with?

    <p>Dealing with the 2-stage process of ADM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the problem-solving process involves 'Action Choice' and 'Action Implementation'?

    <p>Decision Process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'NITS' structure assist with in the aviation context?

    <p>Communicating with relevant parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of categorizing the problem in relation to time attributes?

    <p>Assists with 'Option Retrieval'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the 'Judgement Process' in problem-solving?

    <p>Defining and categorizing the problem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Review' stage of problem-solving primarily help with?

    <p>Problem-solving structure and further analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When dealing with complex application of procedures, when is the problem-solving model used?

    <p>Intuitively and deliberately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of aviation decision-making, when should the mnemonic 'FAD-TODARC' be used?

    <p>Deliberately for all time limited and time available decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the 'Aviation Decision Making (ADM)' approach?

    <p>Satisficing decisions based on time constraints and experience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In problem-solving and decision-making for aviation, when should the mnemonic 'FAD-TODARC' be used during time critical situations?

    <p>Intuitively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of Problem-solving and Decision-Making Training for Aviation?

    <p>To make all productive skills into reproductive recognizable patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the 'Judgement Process' in problem-solving?

    <p>Defining the problem and estimating uncertainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When dealing with complex application of procedures, when is the problem-solving model used?

    <p>Deliberately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Review' stage of problem-solving primarily help with?

    <p>Problem-solving structure and further analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which decision-making approach are decisions based on time constraints and experience, training on recognizing problems, and retrieving options within a limited boundary?

    <p>Option Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Decision Making Mnemonics in the context of problem-solving and decision-making?

    <p>Bridge and align short-term problem-solving and decision-making to a holistic approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the problem-solving process involves 'Action Choice' and 'Action Implementation'?

    <p>Decision Process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'NITS' structure assist with in the aviation context?

    <p>Communicating with Cabin Crew, passengers, ATC, and OCC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the problem-solving process involves the elements of 'Uncertainty Estimate' and 'Option Retrieval'?

    <p>Judgement Process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two classical paradigms for the study of decision making?

    <p>Classical Decision Making (CDM) and Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concept implicit in the normative decision making models found in economics and statistics?

    <p>The concept of an optimal decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strongly affects the decision making process according to the text?

    <p>Situational and environmental conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways can decision making be either supported or inhibited by the users’ systems?

    <p>Particularly the displays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which decision-making approach involves decisions based on time constraints and experience, training on recognizing problems, and retrieving options within a limited boundary?

    <p>Recognition-primed decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of decision is characterized by developing novel solutions to complex problems?

    <p>Recognition-primed decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of decision making includes problem definition, risk assessment, and time estimation?

    <p>Situation Assessment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of decision is characterized by arriving at a complex problem for the first time and needing to develop novel solutions to navigate it?

    <p>Creative problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which decision-making model considers skill-based behavior, rule-based behavior, and knowledge-based behavior?

    <p>Rasmusen’s decision ladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of decision is characterized by determining whether to proceed with a planned action or to withhold it?

    <p>Go/no-go decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which decision-making approach involves decisions based on time constraints and experience, training on recognizing problems, and retrieving options within a limited boundary?

    <p>Recognition-primed decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of decision is characterized by managing available resources to ensure successful task completion?

    <p>Resource management decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of decision making involves behavior that proceeds without conscious attention?

    <p>Skill-based behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of decision is characterized by selecting an option and executing a response?

    <p>Option/response selection decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which decision-making model involves a two-stage process of Situation Assessment followed by Action Choice?

    <p>Naturalistic decision making (NDM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of decision making involves behavior that operates on a range of IF.THEN rules stored in long term memory?

    <p>Rule-based behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) theory, what should a decision maker do?

    <p>Analyze all options and choose the one with the greatest expected utility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) perspective?

    <p>Understanding the situation, judging its familiarity, and using previous experience to frame the current situation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) emphasize about decision makers' review of alternatives?

    <p>Decision makers do not make a full review of alternatives but continue the review until a 'good enough' solution is identified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Classical Decision Making (CDM) approach assume about the decision maker?

    <p>The decision maker has complete and reliable information, can process all the data, identify all possible solutions, evaluate outcomes, and is not time-constrained or under stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) and Classical Decision Making (CDM) approaches?

    <p>NDM focuses on heuristics and satisfactory solutions, while CDM focuses on generating and comparing alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) theory involve?

    <p>Subjective probability estimates and utility functions to model decision-making in the presence of risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) perspective?

    <p>The idea that rational decision-making exceeds human cognitive capacity, leading decision makers to use heuristics and seek satisfactory solutions rather than optimal ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) research focus on?

    <p>How skilled operators use their experience to make decisions in operational contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assumption of Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) theory?

    <p>A decision maker should analyze all options and choose the one with the greatest expected utility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Rasmusen's Decision Ladder?

    <p>Interpretation of information and sensemaking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which training approach involves mnemonic-based methods like SHOR, FORDEC, DECIDE?

    <p>Simulator-based training</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major types of decision errors in aviation?

    <p>Error in situational assessment and error in action selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might errors involving rule-based decisions depend on?

    <p>Failing to retrieve a response from memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can creative decisions be prone to error due to?

    <p>Lack of information and inadequate mental simulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chapter in Harris, D. (2011) is suggested reading for decision making in aviation?

    <p>Chapter 5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Decision Making chapter in Wickens et al (2014) cover?

    <p>Heuristics and factors affecting decision making performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of decision making training approaches in aviation?

    <p>To develop perceptual patterns and conduct under realistic time pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does focusing training around Orasamu’s decision taxonomy involve?

    <p>Developing perceptual patterns, conducting under realistic time pressure, and developing evaluation skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are decision errors in aviation a form of?

    <p>Decision error</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of simulator-based training for pattern recognition?

    <p>Pattern recognition and structuring decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does decision making training around Orasamu’s decision taxonomy involve?

    <p>Developing perceptual patterns, conducting under realistic time pressure, and developing evaluation skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the problem-solving process involves 'Action Choice' and 'Action Implementation'?

    <p>Developing a procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assumption of Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) theory?

    <p>Decision makers maximize expected utility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'Review' stage of problem-solving primarily help with?

    <p>Evaluating competing goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of decision is characterized by developing novel solutions to complex problems?

    <p>Creative decision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which decision-making model involves a two-stage process of Situation Assessment followed by Action Choice?

    <p>Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Decision Making chapter in Wickens et al (2014) cover?

    <p>Heuristics and factors affecting decision-making performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Rasmusen's Decision Ladder?

    <p>Identifying options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Decision Making Mnemonics in the context of problem-solving and decision-making?

    <p>To assist in retrieving options from memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) perspective?

    <p>Conducting under uncertainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the aim of decision making training approaches in aviation?

    <p>To improve decision-making skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what ways can decision making be either supported or inhibited by the users’ systems?

    <p>Through limiting options retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In problem-solving and decision-making for aviation, when should the mnemonic 'FAD-TODARC' be used during time critical situations?

    <p>To structure decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Decision Making Theories and Approaches

    • The decision maker is expected to be rational, informed, and sensitive, and their actions involve recognizing and describing the problem space, analyzing options, and choosing the optimal solution.
    • Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) theory involves subjective probability estimates and utility functions to model decision-making in the presence of risk.
    • SEU suggests that a decision maker should analyze all options and choose the one with the greatest expected utility.
    • Janis and Mann proposed a seven-stage approach to decision making, which involves thoroughly canvassing alternatives, weighing objectives and values, and making detailed provisions for implementing the chosen course of action.
    • This approach assumes that the decision maker has complete and reliable information, can process all the data, identify all possible solutions, evaluate outcomes, and is not time-constrained or under stress.
    • Naturalistic Decision Making (NDM) perspective is based on the idea that rational decision-making exceeds human cognitive capacity, leading decision makers to use heuristics and seek satisfactory solutions rather than optimal ones.
    • NDM research investigates how skilled operators use their experience to make decisions in operational contexts, focusing on understanding the situation, judging its familiarity, and using previous experience to frame the current situation.
    • Unlike Classical Decision Making (CDM), NDM does not involve generating several alternatives and comparing them using pre-determined criteria, but instead focuses on the processes underlying how an individual actually makes decisions.
    • NDM emphasizes that decision makers do not make a full review of alternatives but continue the review until a 'good enough' solution is identified.
    • The NDM approach does not consider the outcome of the decision-making process.
    • The Classical Decision Making approach assumes that the decision maker has complete and reliable information, can process all the data, identify all possible solutions, evaluate outcomes, and is not time-constrained or under stress.
    • The Naturalistic Decision Making perspective is based on the idea that rational decision-making exceeds human cognitive capacity, leading decision makers to use heuristics and seek satisfactory solutions rather than optimal ones.

    Improving Decision Making in Aviation

    • Rasmusen's (1974) Decision Ladder outlines steps in decision-making process: problem detection, interpretation of information, sensemaking, identifying options, evaluating competing goals, selecting appropriate task, developing a procedure.
    • Decision making training approaches include simulator-based training for pattern recognition and structuring decision making using mnemonic-based methods like SHOR, FORDEC, DECIDE.
    • Focusing training around Orasamu’s decision taxonomy involves different training focuses for each decision type, such as developing perceptual patterns, conducting under realistic time pressure, and developing evaluation skills.
    • Decision errors in aviation are a form of decision error, which can lead to good decisions resulting in bad outcomes and vice versa.
    • Two major types of decision errors are error in situational assessment (misinterpreting or ignoring cues) and error in action selection (varies according to the type of decision strategy).
    • Errors involving rule-based decisions might depend on failing to retrieve a response from memory, while choices among alternatives may be a product of failing to retrieve an appropriate response from memory or determining the adequacy of the outcomes of the options derived.
    • Creative decisions can be prone to error due to the absence of support, lack of experience, lack of information, and inadequate mental simulation.
    • Suggested reading includes Chapter 5 of Harris, D. (2011) and the Decision Making chapter in Wickens et al (2014), which covers heuristics and factors affecting decision making performance.

    Improving Decision Making in Aviation

    • Rasmusen's (1974) Decision Ladder outlines steps in decision-making process: problem detection, interpretation of information, sensemaking, identifying options, evaluating competing goals, selecting appropriate task, developing a procedure.
    • Decision making training approaches include simulator-based training for pattern recognition and structuring decision making using mnemonic-based methods like SHOR, FORDEC, DECIDE.
    • Focusing training around Orasamu’s decision taxonomy involves different training focuses for each decision type, such as developing perceptual patterns, conducting under realistic time pressure, and developing evaluation skills.
    • Decision errors in aviation are a form of decision error, which can lead to good decisions resulting in bad outcomes and vice versa.
    • Two major types of decision errors are error in situational assessment (misinterpreting or ignoring cues) and error in action selection (varies according to the type of decision strategy).
    • Errors involving rule-based decisions might depend on failing to retrieve a response from memory, while choices among alternatives may be a product of failing to retrieve an appropriate response from memory or determining the adequacy of the outcomes of the options derived.
    • Creative decisions can be prone to error due to the absence of support, lack of experience, lack of information, and inadequate mental simulation.
    • Suggested reading includes Chapter 5 of Harris, D. (2011) and the Decision Making chapter in Wickens et al (2014), which covers heuristics and factors affecting decision making performance.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of decision-making models with this quiz. Explore classical decision making and aviation decision making approaches to understand how to optimize decisions under different time constraints and circumstances.

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