Decision Analysis and Markov Models Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes decision analysis?

  • A graphical representation of treatment alternatives, outcomes, and probabilities
  • An analytical method used to choose between different treatment alternatives or programs (correct)
  • A tool that has been utilized for years in medical decision-making
  • A qualitative approach to decision making under conditions of uncertainty

What is the first step in performing a decision analysis?

  • Specify alternatives
  • Draw the decision analysis structure
  • Specify possible outcomes and probabilities
  • Identify the specific decision (therapeutic or medical problem) (correct)

Which types of pharmacoeconomic analyses can decision analysis be used for?

  • Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost-utility analysis (CUA)
  • Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
  • All of the above (correct)
  • None of the above

What are the components of a decision analysis?

<p>The period of analysis, the patient population to be studied, and the perspective to be taken (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a Markov Model defined?

<p>A tool used to estimate the long-term clinical, humanistic, and economic dimensions of a disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a Markov Model most appropriately utilized?

<p>When clinical trials have limitations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conducting a sensitivity analysis in decision analysis?

<p>To vary the estimated costs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second step in performing a decision analysis?

<p>Specify alternatives (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the fourth step in performing a decision analysis?

<p>Draw the decision analysis structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is decision analysis used for in medical decision-making?

<p>To choose between different treatment alternatives or programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes decision analysis?

<p>A quantitative approach to decision making under conditions of uncertainty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conducting a sensitivity analysis in decision analysis?

<p>To vary cost estimates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the period of analysis in a decision analysis?

<p>The time frame over which the analysis is conducted (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the perspective to be taken in a decision analysis?

<p>The patient population to be studied (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Markov Model?

<p>A simulation of disease progression and outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is a Markov Model most appropriately utilized?

<p>When clinical trials are limited (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a decision tree graphically map out?

<p>Treatment alternatives and outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps in performing a decision analysis?

<p>Specify alternatives, specify outcomes and probabilities, draw the decision analysis structure, perform calculations, conduct a sensitivity analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of pharmacoeconomic analyses can decision analysis be used for?

<p>Cost-minimization analysis (CMA) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is decision analysis primarily used for in medical decision-making?

<p>To estimate long-term clinical dimensions of a disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an advantage of cost utility analysis (CUAs)?

<p>CUAs provide a single measure that includes both morbidity and mortality. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is cost utility analysis (CUAs) appropriate to use?

<p>When evaluating the impact of a treatment-induced stroke in a survivor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of cost utility analysis (CUAs)?

<p>CUAs are often challenging for clinicians to understand. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is cost utility analysis (CUAs) not appropriate to use?

<p>When comparing interventions that are not expected to have an impact on mortality. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of cost utility analysis (CUAs)?

<p>CUAs are reliant upon the specific instrument utilized and the population being studied. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting a cost-utility analysis (CUA)?

<p>When effectiveness closely correlates to quality of life (QoL) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the third step in conducting a cost-utility analysis (CUA)?

<p>Administering the instrument to the general public (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a health status domain that can be measured in a cost-utility analysis (CUA)?

<p>Physical functioning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in pharmacoeconomics?

<p>To quantify the burden and functional impairment of a disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between generic measures and disease-specific measures in measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL)?

<p>Generic measures are broadly applicable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an advantage of cost utility analysis (CUAs)?

<p>It allows for comparison across different treatment options. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is cost utility analysis (CUAs) appropriate to use?

<p>When QoL is an important outcome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential limitation of cost utility analysis (CUAs)?

<p>It is time-consuming and has a challenging methodology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should cost utility analysis (CUAs) NOT be used?

<p>When evaluating treatments for osteoarthritis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of cost utility analysis (CUAs)?

<p>Clinicians often find methods and results difficult to understand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of using disease-specific measures in measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL)?

<p>They may overlook aspects of the intervention that are more important to the patient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of conducting a sensitivity analysis in decision analysis?

<p>To assess the impact of uncertainty on the results (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the perspective to be taken in a cost-utility analysis (CUA)?

<p>Societal view (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the second step in conducting a cost-utility analysis (CUA)?

<p>Choose an instrument (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential advantage of using generic measures in measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL)?

<p>They can compare across multiple populations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)?

<p>Hypokalemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common adverse effect of TMP-SMX?

<p>Nausea and vomiting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of TMP-SMX?

<p>Inhibition of bacterial folic acid synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential use of TMP-SMX?

<p>Gastrointestinal infections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can TMP-SMX cause in the kidneys?

<p>Renal injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect of TMP-SMX is more common in immunocompromised patients?

<p>Stevens-Johnson syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can increase the concentration of phenytoin when taken with TMP-SMX?

<p>Cyclosporine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when gastrointestinal disturbances occur with TMP-SMX treatment?

<p>Take TMP-SMX with food (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can TMP-SMX cause in the bone marrow?

<p>Neutropenia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a drug interaction with TMP-SMX?

<p>Potassium increasing agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Decision analysis

A quantitative method for choosing between different treatment options under uncertainty, particularly regarding outcomes and costs.

First step in decision analysis

Identify the specific medical problem or therapeutic decision needing analysis.

Second step in decision analysis

List the possible treatment alternatives or programs being considered.

Third step in decision analysis

Define the possible outcomes of each alternative, including both desirable and undesirable effects.

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Fourth step in decision analysis

Construct a visual representation of the decision process, including alternatives, outcomes, and probabilities.

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Fifth step in decision analysis

Calculate the expected value of each alternative, considering probabilities and outcomes.

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Sensitivity analysis in decision analysis

Assess the impact of uncertainty on the results by varying key parameters, like costs or probabilities.

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Period of analysis

The time period over which the analysis is performed.

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Perspective in decision analysis

The perspective from which the costs and benefits are evaluated.

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Markov Model

A tool for simulating disease progression and outcomes over time, often used in long-term analysis.

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Purpose of Markov Model

To estimate the long-term clinical, humanistic, and economic impact of a disease.

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Utilization of Markov Model

When clinical trials are limited or inconclusive, providing a way to analyze the disease trajectory.

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Decision tree

A visual representation of treatment alternatives and outcomes, branching out from the initial decision point.

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Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)

A type of pharmacoeconomic analysis that compares the cost of two or more interventions with equal effectiveness.

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Cost-utility analysis (CUA)

A pharmacoeconomic analysis that measures the cost-effectiveness of interventions in terms of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).

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Period of analysis in CUA

The time frame over which the analysis is conducted.

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Perspective in CUA

The point of view from which the costs and benefits are evaluated, often from a societal perspective.

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Second step in CUA

To choose an instrument, often a questionnaire, to measure the impact of interventions on health-related quality of life.

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Third step in CUA

Administering the chosen quality-of-life instrument to patients or the general public.

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Health status domain

A framework for measuring the impact of diseases and interventions on health-related quality of life.

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Health status domains in CUA

Physical functioning, mental health, social functioning, and overall health perception.

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Purpose of measuring HRQoL

To quantify the burden and functional impairment of a disease, providing information about its impact on quality of life.

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Generic measures of HRQoL

Measures that are broadly applicable across various diseases and populations.

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Disease-specific measures of HRQoL

Measures that are specific to a particular disease or condition.

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Sensitivity analysis in CUA

To assess the impact of uncertainty in the analysis by changing key variables, such as costs or probabilities.

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Limitation of CUA

The potential for the instrument used to measure HRQoL to influence results, depending on the specific population and instrument chosen.

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When NOT to use CUA

When evaluating treatments for osteoarthritis, as the primary focus is often on reducing pain and improving joint function, rather than extending life expectancy.

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When NOT to use CUA

When comparing interventions that are not expected to have an impact on mortality.

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Hypokalemia

A potential adverse effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nausea and vomiting

A potential adverse effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Inhibition of bacterial folic acid synthesis

The mechanism of action of TMP-SMX.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

A potential adverse effect of TMP-SMX, especially in immunocompromised patients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Renal injury

A potential adverse effect of TMP-SMX.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Interaction of TMP-SMX with cyclosporine

A potential interaction of TMP-SMX with certain medications, leading to increased phenytoin levels.

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