Decision Analysis and Markov Models Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes decision analysis?

  • A graphical representation of treatment alternatives, outcomes, and probabilities
  • An analytical method used to choose between different treatment alternatives or programs (correct)
  • A tool that has been utilized for years in medical decision-making
  • A qualitative approach to decision making under conditions of uncertainty

    • What is the first step in performing a decision analysis?

  • Specify alternatives
  • Draw the decision analysis structure
  • Specify possible outcomes and probabilities
  • Identify the specific decision (therapeutic or medical problem) (correct)

    • Which types of pharmacoeconomic analyses can decision analysis be used for?

  • Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost-utility analysis (CUA)
  • Cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and cost-minimization analysis (CMA)
  • All of the above (correct)
  • None of the above

    • What are the components of a decision analysis?

    <p>The period of analysis, the patient population to be studied, and the perspective to be taken</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a Markov Model defined?

    <p>A tool used to estimate the long-term clinical, humanistic, and economic dimensions of a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a Markov Model most appropriately utilized?

    <p>When clinical trials have limitations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of conducting a sensitivity analysis in decision analysis?

    <p>To vary the estimated costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second step in performing a decision analysis?

    <p>Specify alternatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fourth step in performing a decision analysis?

    <p>Draw the decision analysis structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is decision analysis used for in medical decision-making?

    <p>To choose between different treatment alternatives or programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes decision analysis?

    <p>A quantitative approach to decision making under conditions of uncertainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of conducting a sensitivity analysis in decision analysis?

    <p>To vary cost estimates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the period of analysis in a decision analysis?

    <p>The time frame over which the analysis is conducted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the perspective to be taken in a decision analysis?

    <p>The patient population to be studied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Markov Model?

    <p>A simulation of disease progression and outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is a Markov Model most appropriately utilized?

    <p>When clinical trials are limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a decision tree graphically map out?

    <p>Treatment alternatives and outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the steps in performing a decision analysis?

    <p>Specify alternatives, specify outcomes and probabilities, draw the decision analysis structure, perform calculations, conduct a sensitivity analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of pharmacoeconomic analyses can decision analysis be used for?

    <p>Cost-minimization analysis (CMA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is decision analysis primarily used for in medical decision-making?

    <p>To estimate long-term clinical dimensions of a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an advantage of cost utility analysis (CUAs)?

    <p>CUAs provide a single measure that includes both morbidity and mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is cost utility analysis (CUAs) appropriate to use?

    <p>When evaluating the impact of a treatment-induced stroke in a survivor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of cost utility analysis (CUAs)?

    <p>CUAs are often challenging for clinicians to understand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is cost utility analysis (CUAs) not appropriate to use?

    <p>When comparing interventions that are not expected to have an impact on mortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of cost utility analysis (CUAs)?

    <p>CUAs are reliant upon the specific instrument utilized and the population being studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting a cost-utility analysis (CUA)?

    <p>When effectiveness closely correlates to quality of life (QoL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third step in conducting a cost-utility analysis (CUA)?

    <p>Administering the instrument to the general public</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a health status domain that can be measured in a cost-utility analysis (CUA)?

    <p>Physical functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in pharmacoeconomics?

    <p>To quantify the burden and functional impairment of a disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between generic measures and disease-specific measures in measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL)?

    <p>Generic measures are broadly applicable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an advantage of cost utility analysis (CUAs)?

    <p>It allows for comparison across different treatment options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is cost utility analysis (CUAs) appropriate to use?

    <p>When QoL is an important outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential limitation of cost utility analysis (CUAs)?

    <p>It is time-consuming and has a challenging methodology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should cost utility analysis (CUAs) NOT be used?

    <p>When evaluating treatments for osteoarthritis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of cost utility analysis (CUAs)?

    <p>Clinicians often find methods and results difficult to understand.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of using disease-specific measures in measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL)?

    <p>They may overlook aspects of the intervention that are more important to the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of conducting a sensitivity analysis in decision analysis?

    <p>To assess the impact of uncertainty on the results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the perspective to be taken in a cost-utility analysis (CUA)?

    <p>Societal view</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the second step in conducting a cost-utility analysis (CUA)?

    <p>Choose an instrument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential advantage of using generic measures in measuring health-related quality of life (HRQoL)?

    <p>They can compare across multiple populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential adverse effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common adverse effect of TMP-SMX?

    <p>Nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of TMP-SMX?

    <p>Inhibition of bacterial folic acid synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential use of TMP-SMX?

    <p>Gastrointestinal infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can TMP-SMX cause in the kidneys?

    <p>Renal injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adverse effect of TMP-SMX is more common in immunocompromised patients?

    <p>Stevens-Johnson syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following can increase the concentration of phenytoin when taken with TMP-SMX?

    <p>Cyclosporine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done when gastrointestinal disturbances occur with TMP-SMX treatment?

    <p>Take TMP-SMX with food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can TMP-SMX cause in the bone marrow?

    <p>Neutropenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a drug interaction with TMP-SMX?

    <p>Potassium increasing agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

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