Lecture 19: Innate Immunity
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Questions and Answers

What was David Vetter suffering from?

  • Type 1 diabetes
  • Asthma
  • Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) (correct)
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Why did David Vetter live in a specially constructed sterile environment?

  • To cure his autoimmune disease
  • To prevent asthma attacks
  • To prevent infections due to his immunodeficiency (correct)
  • To prevent atopic reactions
  • What is the main goal in order to prevent, treat, and even cure diseases?

  • To know the key cells and molecules
  • To manipulate the immune system (correct)
  • To understand the immune system
  • To know the key systems integrated with the immune system
  • What is necessary to understand in order to manipulate the immune system?

    <p>The key cells and molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary to understand the immune system?

    <p>To know where and what the immune system is</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the immune system located?

    <p>Integrated with other systems and scattered throughout the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do immune cells do in the body?

    <p>They migrate around the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diseases can occur when the immune system overreacts?

    <p>Asthma, atopic or allergic reactions, and autoimmune diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do mast cells typically reside in the body?

    <p>In peripheral tissues exposed to the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of receptors on mast cells?

    <p>To sense danger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased vascular permeability caused by mast cells?

    <p>Increased inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for redness due to dilation of blood vessels?

    <p>Flare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for swelling due to release of serum into the tissue?

    <p>Wheal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mast cells in inflammation?

    <p>To promote inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do mast cells typically increase vascular permeability?

    <p>In peripheral tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of mast cells on blood vessels?

    <p>Dilation of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of cytokines in the immune system?

    <p>To modulate inflammatory and immune reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tissue-resident cells respond when danger is detected?

    <p>By releasing histamine and inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of dilated blood vessels during inflammation?

    <p>Increased blood flow to the affected area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells during inflammation?

    <p>To attracting innate immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells are primarily attracted to the site of inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cytokines communicate with cells?

    <p>Through the autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of innate immune cells, such as neutrophils?

    <p>To eliminate pathogens through phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells?

    <p>Attraction of innate immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the innate immune system in terms of response time?

    <p>Early and rapid response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the innate immune system respond to repeated encounters with the same microbe?

    <p>It responds the same way each time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the innate immune system?

    <p>Is specific to particular pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of epithelial barriers in the innate immune system?

    <p>To provide a physical barrier against pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell is involved in the innate immune system?

    <p>Phagocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cytokines in the innate immune system?

    <p>To communicate between cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the innate immune system interact with the adaptive immune system?

    <p>It interacts with the adaptive immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the innate immune system in terms of its response to the host?

    <p>It is non-reactive to the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do epithelial, endothelial, and resident immune cells sense danger?

    <p>By expressing receptors on their surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between self and non-self cells in the context of the innate immune system?

    <p>The expression of patterns on the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the innate immune system's recognition of patterns?

    <p>To differentiate between self and non-self cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the patterns expressed by microbes?

    <p>They are different from the patterns expressed by human cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of receptors on the surface of epithelial, endothelial, and resident immune cells?

    <p>To recognize and respond to danger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the recognition of patterns by the innate immune system important?

    <p>It allows the immune system to differentiate between self and non-self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    David Vetter: "Bubble Boy"

    • Lived from 1971 to 1984
    • Had severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
    • Spent most of his life in a sterile environment ("bubble")
    • Received a bone marrow transplant
    • Died from Burkitt's lymphoma at the age of 12

    The Power of the Immune System

    • The immune system can overreact, leading to conditions like asthma, atopic or allergic reactions, and autoimmune diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis, SLE, Type 1 diabetes)
    • The study of immunology goes beyond just infectious diseases

    Understanding the Immune System

    • To prevent, treat, and cure diseases, the immune system must be manipulated
    • To manipulate the immune system, it must be understood
    • Understanding the immune system requires knowledge of its components, including key cells, molecules, and interactions

    Where is the Immune System?

    • The immune system is integrated with other systems (gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, endocrine, skin)
    • Immune cells are scattered throughout the body, with some migrating and others remaining in one place (tissue "resident" immune cells)

    Hallmarks of the Innate Immune System

    • Speed: early and rapid response
    • Short-lived duration
    • Repetitive: responds the same way each time a microbe is encountered
    • Interactive: interacts with other cells of the innate immune system and cells of the adaptive immune system
    • Non-reactive to the host

    Components of Innate Immunity

    • Epithelial barriers
    • Cells in circulation and tissues (e.g. phagocytes)
    • Molecules (e.g. cytokines, blood proteins)

    The Innate Immune System Recognises Patterns

    • Epithelial, endothelial, and resident immune cells express receptors that sense danger
    • Microbes express distinct patterns, while self-cells do not
    • This allows the innate immune system to distinguish between self and non-self

    Mast Cells

    • Mast cells reside in peripheral tissues (skin, lung, gut)
    • Mast cells have receptors that sense danger
    • Mast cells increase vascular permeability and promote inflammation

    Cytokines

    • Proteins produced and secreted by many different cell types
    • Modulate inflammatory and immune reactions
    • Key mediators of communication between cells
    • Can target cells in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner

    Tissue-Resident Cells

    • 1st responders to danger
    • Release histamine and inflammatory cytokines
    • Dilation of blood vessels and increased blood flow to the area (redness and swelling)
    • Attract innate immune cells (neutrophils) and plasma proteins

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