Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was David Vetter suffering from?
What was David Vetter suffering from?
- Type 1 diabetes
- Asthma
- Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) (correct)
- Multiple sclerosis
Why did David Vetter live in a specially constructed sterile environment?
Why did David Vetter live in a specially constructed sterile environment?
- To cure his autoimmune disease
- To prevent asthma attacks
- To prevent infections due to his immunodeficiency (correct)
- To prevent atopic reactions
What is the main goal in order to prevent, treat, and even cure diseases?
What is the main goal in order to prevent, treat, and even cure diseases?
- To know the key cells and molecules
- To manipulate the immune system (correct)
- To understand the immune system
- To know the key systems integrated with the immune system
What is necessary to understand in order to manipulate the immune system?
What is necessary to understand in order to manipulate the immune system?
What is necessary to understand the immune system?
What is necessary to understand the immune system?
Where is the immune system located?
Where is the immune system located?
What do immune cells do in the body?
What do immune cells do in the body?
What diseases can occur when the immune system overreacts?
What diseases can occur when the immune system overreacts?
Where do mast cells typically reside in the body?
Where do mast cells typically reside in the body?
What is the function of receptors on mast cells?
What is the function of receptors on mast cells?
What is the result of increased vascular permeability caused by mast cells?
What is the result of increased vascular permeability caused by mast cells?
What is the term for redness due to dilation of blood vessels?
What is the term for redness due to dilation of blood vessels?
What is the term for swelling due to release of serum into the tissue?
What is the term for swelling due to release of serum into the tissue?
What is the role of mast cells in inflammation?
What is the role of mast cells in inflammation?
Where do mast cells typically increase vascular permeability?
Where do mast cells typically increase vascular permeability?
What is the effect of mast cells on blood vessels?
What is the effect of mast cells on blood vessels?
What is a primary function of cytokines in the immune system?
What is a primary function of cytokines in the immune system?
How do tissue-resident cells respond when danger is detected?
How do tissue-resident cells respond when danger is detected?
What is the result of dilated blood vessels during inflammation?
What is the result of dilated blood vessels during inflammation?
What is the role of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells during inflammation?
What is the role of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells during inflammation?
What type of cells are primarily attracted to the site of inflammation?
What type of cells are primarily attracted to the site of inflammation?
How do cytokines communicate with cells?
How do cytokines communicate with cells?
What is the primary function of innate immune cells, such as neutrophils?
What is the primary function of innate immune cells, such as neutrophils?
What is the result of the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells?
What is the result of the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells?
What is a characteristic of the innate immune system in terms of response time?
What is a characteristic of the innate immune system in terms of response time?
How does the innate immune system respond to repeated encounters with the same microbe?
How does the innate immune system respond to repeated encounters with the same microbe?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the innate immune system?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the innate immune system?
What is the primary function of epithelial barriers in the innate immune system?
What is the primary function of epithelial barriers in the innate immune system?
Which type of cell is involved in the innate immune system?
Which type of cell is involved in the innate immune system?
What is the role of cytokines in the innate immune system?
What is the role of cytokines in the innate immune system?
How does the innate immune system interact with the adaptive immune system?
How does the innate immune system interact with the adaptive immune system?
What is a characteristic of the innate immune system in terms of its response to the host?
What is a characteristic of the innate immune system in terms of its response to the host?
How do epithelial, endothelial, and resident immune cells sense danger?
How do epithelial, endothelial, and resident immune cells sense danger?
What is the main difference between self and non-self cells in the context of the innate immune system?
What is the main difference between self and non-self cells in the context of the innate immune system?
What is the purpose of the innate immune system's recognition of patterns?
What is the purpose of the innate immune system's recognition of patterns?
What is unique about the patterns expressed by microbes?
What is unique about the patterns expressed by microbes?
What is the role of receptors on the surface of epithelial, endothelial, and resident immune cells?
What is the role of receptors on the surface of epithelial, endothelial, and resident immune cells?
Why is the recognition of patterns by the innate immune system important?
Why is the recognition of patterns by the innate immune system important?
Study Notes
David Vetter: "Bubble Boy"
- Lived from 1971 to 1984
- Had severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
- Spent most of his life in a sterile environment ("bubble")
- Received a bone marrow transplant
- Died from Burkitt's lymphoma at the age of 12
The Power of the Immune System
- The immune system can overreact, leading to conditions like asthma, atopic or allergic reactions, and autoimmune diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis, SLE, Type 1 diabetes)
- The study of immunology goes beyond just infectious diseases
Understanding the Immune System
- To prevent, treat, and cure diseases, the immune system must be manipulated
- To manipulate the immune system, it must be understood
- Understanding the immune system requires knowledge of its components, including key cells, molecules, and interactions
Where is the Immune System?
- The immune system is integrated with other systems (gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous, endocrine, skin)
- Immune cells are scattered throughout the body, with some migrating and others remaining in one place (tissue "resident" immune cells)
Hallmarks of the Innate Immune System
- Speed: early and rapid response
- Short-lived duration
- Repetitive: responds the same way each time a microbe is encountered
- Interactive: interacts with other cells of the innate immune system and cells of the adaptive immune system
- Non-reactive to the host
Components of Innate Immunity
- Epithelial barriers
- Cells in circulation and tissues (e.g. phagocytes)
- Molecules (e.g. cytokines, blood proteins)
The Innate Immune System Recognises Patterns
- Epithelial, endothelial, and resident immune cells express receptors that sense danger
- Microbes express distinct patterns, while self-cells do not
- This allows the innate immune system to distinguish between self and non-self
Mast Cells
- Mast cells reside in peripheral tissues (skin, lung, gut)
- Mast cells have receptors that sense danger
- Mast cells increase vascular permeability and promote inflammation
Cytokines
- Proteins produced and secreted by many different cell types
- Modulate inflammatory and immune reactions
- Key mediators of communication between cells
- Can target cells in an autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manner
Tissue-Resident Cells
- 1st responders to danger
- Release histamine and inflammatory cytokines
- Dilation of blood vessels and increased blood flow to the area (redness and swelling)
- Attract innate immune cells (neutrophils) and plasma proteins
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