Data Transmission on WAN and TCP/IP Protocols

Transmissions sent to all hosts on a network.

Communication of certain network-essential information (ARP, RARP, DHCP etc.).

Reduces broadcast traffic by splitting large networks into smaller ones.

Converting between different network protocols (Ethernet to Token Ring, etc.).

The router a host uses to access other networks.

Typical network connection to exchange data with other networks across the internet.

Determines the best path for outgoing data to reach a destination computer.

A network device that forwards data packets between networks.

Small chunks of data sent across networks.

A wide area network that connects devices across a large geographical area, often globally.

A suite of network protocols that forms the foundation of the internet.

A transport layer protocol that ensures reliable data delivery.

A unique numerical label assigned to each device on a network.

A unique text-based identifier for a network or organization.

The process of determining the path data takes through a network.

A communication method where a connection is established before data transmission.

Small units of data transmitted across a network.

Data units used by TCP at the transport layer.

Multiprotocol Label Switching: A method for forwarding data in networks.

A device that forwards data packets between networks.

A network subnet with a range of addresses from 192.64.123.65 through 192.64.123.126.

A network subnet with a range of addresses from 192.64.123.129 through 192.64.123.190.

The first address within the range of a subnet. Host bits are all zero.

The last address within a subnet range. Host bits are all one.

A unique identifier for a device on the internet or a network.

A part of an IP address that defines the size of a subnet. The /26 mask means 26 bits are used for the network address.

The bits of an IP address that identify the specific device (host) within a subnet.

A wide area network connecting devices globally.

A set of network protocols used for the internet.

Protocol ensuring reliable data delivery.

Unique numerical label for a network device.

Unique text identifier for a network or organization.

Small units of data transferred across a network.

Data units used by TCP in the transport layer.

Process of determining the best path for data.

A communication method where a connection is established before data transmission.

Filters network traffic based only on the source IP address.

Filters network traffic based on both source and destination IP address.

Either permits or denies a packet based on the filter rules.

Rules are processed sequentially (top-down) until a match is found or the end of the list.

If no ACL rule matches, the packet is dropped.

Rule allowing traffic or data packets.

Only one ACL can be configured for a given protocol, interface, and direction (inbound or outbound).

A descriptive name used for an ACL to easily identify its function.

Named ACLs allow individual statements to be removed without requiring rebuilding from scratch.

Most restrictive rules are defined at the top.

Routing protocols that automatically adjust routes based on network conditions and changes.

A distance-vector routing protocol using hop count as a metric. Limits hops to 15.

A link-state routing protocol using Dijkstra's algorithm to find the shortest path, considering bandwidth.

Routing algorithm where routers exchange information about the distance to various network destinations.

Routing algorithm where routers share complete information about their neighboring networks.

Routing protocols used within an autonomous system (e.g., a company's network).

Routing protocols used between autonomous systems, connecting different organizations.

Exterior gateway protocol used for exchanging routing information between autonomous systems.

A value used by routing protocols to determine the best path to a destination.

A simple metric used by some routing protocols to measure the number of routers data packets pass through.

A stack of labels on an MPLS packet, used for hierarchical routing.

Replacing the top label on the stack with a new one, changing the packet's forwarding path.

Adding a new label to the top of the MPLS label stack; encapsulates the packet.

Removing a label from the top of the MPLS label stack; decapsulation.

Removing the last label in the MPLS label stack at a hop before the final destination router.

The router at the end of a network path that delivers the original packet payload when the last label is removed.

A router that forwards packets between intermediate points in a network path; no responsibility for the payload

Forwarding packets without needing to know the protocol; based only on labels.

Both MPLS and ATM provide connection-oriented services for network data transport. Connections are established between endpoints, and connection state is maintained at each node. Data is encapsulated for transport across the connection.

MPLS works together with IP, using IP's routing protocols. It provides traffic engineering and supports VPNs.

MPLS allows for easier management and optimization of data flow in networks.

MPLS supports both Layer 2 and Layer 3 Virtual Private Networks.

MPLS offers fast recovery in case of network element failure, which is important for real-time applications, recovering quickly compared to IP layer restoration (up to 50ms).

MPLS uses labels to direct data traffic, rather than relying solely on the destination IP address.

Standardized protocols used for managing MPLS paths and traffic engineering.

Does not specify the type of data being carried in the MPLS path.

MPLS pre-pends packets with a header containing one or more labels, organized as a stack. Each label provides information for packet forwarding.

A process for forwarding packets based on MPLS labels (rather than IP addresses) inside the switching fabric. This allows for faster routing.

A router that performs routing based solely on label switching within an MPLS network.

A router at the entrance or exit points of an MPLS network. Typically the LER is responsible for adding/removing MPLS labels.

A value used to identify a specific path within an MPLS network.

Section of a packet incorporating MPLS labels and other critical information for packet forwarding.

A 3-bit field specifying the priority level in the MPLS label for managing different types of network traffic.

A bit in the label indicating whether the current label is the last in the stack.

An 8-bit field in the MPLS header that limits the number of hops a packet can traverse before being discarded to prevent looping.

A router acting as both ingress and egress points for MPLS traffic.

A router that only performs transit routing within an MPLS network.