Data Transmission on WAN
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Questions and Answers

What is the maximum length of an IP datagram in bytes?

  • 128,000 bytes
  • 32,767 bytes
  • 512 bytes
  • 65,535 bytes (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the identification field in an IP datagram?

  • To determine the time to live of the datagram
  • To indicate the encapsulated protocol type
  • To identify and group fragments of a datagram (correct)
  • To define the length of the datagram

    • Which flag indicates that the datagram is a fragment?

  • The identification number
  • The time to live value
  • The fragment offset value
  • The first bit of the flags field (correct)

    • How is the order of fragments in a fragmented datagram maintained?

    <p>Through the fragment offset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a datagram when its time to live field reaches zero?

    <p>It is discarded</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What length is specified by the time to live field?

    <p>The number of hops a datagram can take</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information does the protocol field in an IP datagram provide?

    <p>The type of encapsulated protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the default setting for the time to live field in most applications?

    <p>30 or 32</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Finish Flag (FIN) indicate in a TCP segment?

    <p>Last data from the sender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Windows field in the TCP header represent?

    <p>Number of unacknowledged segments allowed on the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What information is included in the TCP Pseudo header for Checksum calculation?

    <p>Source IP, Destination IP, Zero, IP Protocol, and TCP Length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Urgent Pointer in a TCP segment?

    <p>To point to the sequence number of the octet following urgent data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which option is NOT a valid Kind for TCP options?

    <p>Kind 3 - Congestion Window Size</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) ensure reliability?

    <p>It relies on upper layer protocols for error correction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Padding play in the TCP header?

    <p>To ensure TCP header aligns on a 32-bit boundary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes UDP?

    <p>It provides a connectionless service at the Transport layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Sequence Number in TCP segments?

    <p>To track the order of transmitted segments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Acknowledgement Number represent in a TCP connection?

    <p>The sequence number of the next segment expected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Offset field in a TCP header?

    <p>It shows where the Data field starts in the TCP header</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which flag in the TCP Flags field indicates that immediate data delivery is required?

    <p>PSH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the sender does not receive an acknowledgement for a segment, what action is taken?

    <p>The sender will time-out and retransmit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the RST flag in the TCP header signify?

    <p>The connection has been reset</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum value of the Offset field in a TCP header?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following flags indicates that the Acknowledgement Number is being used?

    <p>ACK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a packet does not match any statements in an ACL?

    <p>The packet is dropped due to implicit deny.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many IP ACLs can be applied to a single interface in one direction?

    <p>One IP ACL only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a wildcard mask?

    <p>It can define specific host addresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where should standard ACLs be placed in a network?

    <p>As close to the destination devices as possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the CPU Bus in a router?

    <p>Accessing various components and transferring instructions/data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the I/O Bus play in a router's architecture?

    <p>It serves as the interface between the CPU Bus and network modules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which numbers are designated for Standard ACLs?

    <p>1-99 and 1300-1999</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does applying an empty ACL to an interface do?

    <p>It permits all traffic by default.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do routers manage packet delivery to different networks?

    <p>They analyze the packet address to determine the best next relay point.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a router receives a packet not addressed to any of its connected networks?

    <p>It determines the best next relay point among its connected networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of MPLS in telecommunications networks?

    <p>It is a highly scalable, protocol-independent mechanism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do routers differ from most stations on a network?

    <p>Routers can link to two or more networks simultaneously.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do labels play in an MPLS network?

    <p>They indicate the destination of the packet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical function of routers in a local area network (LAN)?

    <p>Acting as a default gateway.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes loop-free paths between sub-networks?

    <p>Routers learn and advertise loop-free paths to maintain efficient routing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following components is not directly associated with the functions of a router?

    <p>User authentication system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of classless addressing over classful addressing?

    <p>It reduces waste of IP addresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when classful address blocks are divided into smaller classless blocks?

    <p>Subnetting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does super netting differ from subnetting?

    <p>Super netting combines smaller blocks into a larger network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of subnets that can be created by borrowing 2 bits from the host portion of a class C network?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a class C address, how many possible addresses are there within a single block?

    <p>256</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for super netting to be accomplished?

    <p>The blocks must be contiguous without gaps.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a given class C network address of 192.64.123.0, what is the subnet mask in binary?

    <p>11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the range of addresses from a class C network with an address of 192.64.123.0?

    <p>192.64.123.1 through 192.64.123.254</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data Transmission on WAN

    • WAN (Wide Area Network) is a network that extends over a large geographical area, connecting intranets or the internet.
    • TCP/IP protocol is the set of network protocols that form the internet protocol suite, referring to both the global wide area network and the protocols.
    • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is responsible for reliable end-to-end delivery of data segments.
    • TCP operates at the Transport layer of the OSI model.
    • Segments are acknowledged by the destination to the source upon receipt, and a sliding window is used.
    • Data is broken into numbered segments (sequenced) during transmission.
    • Destination TCP layers re-sequence the received segments for proper order.
    • Lost data is re-requested by the destination.
    • Segments are checked for integrity (32 Bit CRC).
    • Source/Destination port numbers redirect data to the upper-level services.
    • TCP headers have specific fields (source port, destination port, sequence number, acknowledgement number, offset, flags, window, urgent pointer, checksum, options, and padding, data).

    User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

    • UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless host-to-host service.
    • Error correction and reliable service aren't guaranteed.
    • Primarily used for DNS and TFTP.
    • UDP headers include source port, destination port, length, and checksum fields.
    • UDP adds port addressing to the IP header, addressing the datagram to the correct application on the host.

    IP Communication

    • IP Datagram (packet) is a chunk of IP data with a defined structure (version, IHL, TOS, total length, identification, flags, fragment offset, TTL, protocol, header checksum, source and destination IP addresses, options, and payload).
    • Source and destination IP addresses are crucial for determining the destination of the IP datagram.
    • IP routing is vital for data transmission through a network, directing packets via intermediary networks toward their destination.
    • Different IP addressing methods (Classful and Classless) and concepts of subnetting and supernetting are available.
    • Subnetting allows borrowing bits and breaking up large networks into smaller, more manageable subnets.

    IP Addresses

    • Every device connected to the internet has a unique IP address (e.g., 204.25.183.4).
    • IP addresses are used to identify computers and other devices on a network.
    • IP addresses consist of four numbers (each from 0 to 255) separated by periods.
    • Network and host portions of IP addresses identify the network and device respectively.
    • Classes of IP addresses divide the address space into ranges (e.g., Class A, Class B, Class C).

    Special IP Addresses

    • Network addresses (all host bits are 0): used for network communication.
    • Broadcast addresses (all host bits are 1): used for sending to all devices on a network.
    • Loopback address (127.0.0.1): used for testing the local network interface.
    • Private addresses (e.g., 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16): used within private networks.
    • Multicast addresses (Class D): used for one-to-many communication.

    Routing Methods (Static and Dynamic)

    • Static routing involves manually configuring routes using commands on each device.
    • Dynamic routing uses protocols to discover and update routes automatically in response to changes in the network infrastructure.
    • Examples of dynamic routing protocols include RIP, OSPF, BGP, etc.
    • Choice of static or dynamic routing depends on network size and stability.

    Routing Protocols

    • RIP (Routing Information Protocol): A distance-vector protocol that uses hop count as a routing metric.
    • OSPF (Open Shortest Path First): A link-state protocol that computes the shortest paths efficiently.
    • BGP (Border Gateway Protocol): Used for routing between autonomous systems across the Internet.

    WAN Devices and Concepts

    • Routers are communication devices connecting multiple networks.

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    Data Transmission on WAN PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamentals of data transmission over Wide Area Networks (WAN), focusing on TCP/IP protocols. You will learn about TCP's role in ensuring reliable data delivery, the segmenting process, and how data integrity is maintained during transmission. Test your knowledge on these essential networking concepts.

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