Data Transmission on WAN

<p>Through the fragment offset (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is discarded (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The number of hops a datagram can take (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The type of encapsulated protocol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>30 or 32 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Last data from the sender (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Number of unacknowledged segments allowed on the network (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Source IP, Destination IP, Zero, IP Protocol, and TCP Length (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To point to the sequence number of the octet following urgent data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kind 3 - Congestion Window Size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It relies on upper layer protocols for error correction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ensure TCP header aligns on a 32-bit boundary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It provides a connectionless service at the Transport layer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To track the order of transmitted segments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sequence number of the next segment expected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It shows where the Data field starts in the TCP header (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PSH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sender will time-out and retransmit (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The connection has been reset (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ACK (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The packet is dropped due to implicit deny. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One IP ACL only. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can define specific host addresses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As close to the destination devices as possible. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accessing various components and transferring instructions/data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It serves as the interface between the CPU Bus and network modules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1-99 and 1300-1999 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It permits all traffic by default. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They analyze the packet address to determine the best next relay point. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It determines the best next relay point among its connected networks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a highly scalable, protocol-independent mechanism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Routers can link to two or more networks simultaneously. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They indicate the destination of the packet. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acting as a default gateway. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Routers learn and advertise loop-free paths to maintain efficient routing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>User authentication system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces waste of IP addresses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Subnetting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Super netting combines smaller blocks into a larger network. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>256 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The blocks must be contiguous without gaps. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>192.64.123.1 through 192.64.123.254 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A 32-bit number that's assigned to each transmitted TCP segment, used for segment ordering and error detection.

A 32-bit number acknowledging receipt of segments, indicating the next expected sequence number.

Indicates the position of the data field in the TCP header, measured in 32-bit words.

The TCP header is at least 20 bytes.

Indicates that the urgent pointer field is in use. Urgent data has priority.

Indicates the acknowledgement number is valid and being used.

Indicates immediate data delivery to the destination, bypassing buffering.

Initiates connection reset, often due to a timeout waiting for acknowledgement.

The initial sequence number (ISN) is the first sequence number assigned to a TCP segment. It's essentially the starting point for tracking data segments during a connection.

The FIN (Finish) flag signals that the sender has finished sending data, and the connection can be closed gracefully.

The Window field indicates how many unacknowledged segments the receiver can tolerate at any given time. This is a control mechanism for network congestion.

The TCP Checksum is a 16-bit value that ensures the integrity of the data during transmission. It calculates a checksum based on the TCP header and a special 'pseudo header.'

The TCP Pseudo Header is a special header used for checksum calculation. It includes information like the source IP, destination IP, protocol number, and TCP length.

The Urgent Pointer field identifies the sequence number of the byte following the urgent data in a TCP segment. This allows for prioritizing urgent data delivery.

TCP options provide additional functionalities. They can be used for things like specifying maximum segment size or indicating end-of-options.

Padding is used to ensure that the TCP header aligns correctly with the data. It adds zeros to the header to make it a multiple of 32 bits.

The total size of an IP datagram, including the header, measured in octets. This field determines the maximum datagram size, being 65,535 bytes.

A unique identifier used to identify the original datagram when it is fragmented. Fragments of the same original datagram share this ID.

A set of single-bit flags indicating the datagram's fragmentation status. They signal if the datagram is fragmented, allowed to be fragmented, and if it's the last fragment.

The starting point of a fragment within the original datagram, allowing for reassembly in the correct order.

A counter decrementing at each network hop, ultimately determining the datagram's lifespan. When it reaches zero, the datagram is discarded.

Indicates the type of data encapsulated within the IP datagram, determining its further handling by the receiving system.

Fragmentation is used to split large datagrams into smaller, more manageable pieces for transmission over networks with limited packet size.

The TTL field prevents datagrams from endlessly circulating on the network, reducing congestion by discarding them after a set timeframe.

IP addresses divided into blocks based on the first four bits of the first octet, categorized as Class A, B, and C.

Dividing large Class Full address blocks into smaller, more efficient Classless blocks to minimize address waste.

Merging multiple contiguous smaller IP address blocks into one larger block.

A network address range with 256 possible addresses, typically used for smaller networks.

To expand network capacity beyond the original Class C address range, effectively combining smaller blocks.

Borrows bits from the host portion of an IP address to combine multiple smaller networks into one larger network.

Subnetting divides larger blocks into smaller ones, while Supernetting combines smaller blocks into a larger one.

To create a single, contiguous network address range by combining multiple smaller networks.

ACL statements are evaluated from top to bottom. The first matching rule is applied, and the rest are ignored. If no rule matches, the packet is dropped.

If no matching rule is found in an ACL, the packet is blocked. This is called an implicit deny.

Each ACL must have a unique number or name. This helps differentiate and manage ACLs.

A router cannot filter traffic that it originates itself.

Only one IP ACL can be applied to an interface in each direction (inbound or outbound).

An empty ACL allows all traffic by default. To have an implicit deny, you need at least one permit or deny statement.

Standard ACLs use number ranges 1–99 and 1300–1999.

Extended ACLs use number ranges 100–199 and 2000–2699.

The connection within a router that the CPU uses to access other components, like memory, and transfer instructions and data.

The bridge between the CPU bus and the system bus, connecting the CPU to network modules and other interface boards.

Routers act as packet forwarders between multiple networks, directing packets along the best route to reach their destination. They can connect different types of networks like LANs and WANs.

While stations typically belong to only one network, routers connect to two or more networks, acting as gateways for packets.

When a packet arrives at a router, the router identifies the best next network to send the packet towards based on the destination address. This process continues until the packet reaches its final destination.

Routers perform various tasks like restricting broadcasts to the local LAN, acting as the default gateway, and learning the most efficient paths between networks to prevent routing loops.

Routers restrict broadcasts - messages sent to all devices on a network - to the local LAN, preventing them from flooding other networks.

Routers learn efficient paths between networks to avoid creating loops, which can result in packets getting stuck in a cycle and never reaching their destination.