Data Transmission on WAN
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary issue with class B IP addresses when assigned to networks with fewer than 65,534 hosts?

  • They are only usable by private networks.
  • They are inefficient for local area networks.
  • They result in a high number of unused IP addresses. (correct)
  • They cannot support more than 256 hosts.

    • Which class of IP address is commonly issued to networks with fewer than 256 hosts?

  • Class A
  • Class B
  • Class C (correct)
  • Class D

    • What is the purpose of Network Address Translation (NAT)?

  • To segregate local networks into subnets.
  • To increase the number of available IP addresses.
  • To assign static IP addresses to all devices.
  • To convert private IP addresses into public IP addresses. (correct)

    • What range of values represents Class A IP addresses?

    <p>0-126</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the classful addressing system, what are the special uses of Class D and Class E addresses?

    <p>For multicast groups and experimental purposes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many hosts can a Class C network support based on the addressing system?

    <p>254 hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical reason for the development of IPv6?

    <p>To solve the depletion of available IP addresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary problem associated with allocating large blocks of IP addresses according to octet boundaries?

    <p>Wasted IP addresses due to inefficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Boot ROM in a router?

    <p>Execute network diagnostics and load IOS software</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which memory type in a router is used for temporary storage of packets during process switching?

    <p>DRAM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the main processor memory in DRAM?

    <p>Keep routing tables and fast switching cache</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of memory is NVRAM in a router?

    <p>Battery-backed Static RAM used for startup configurations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which interface would be primarily used for initial router configuration?

    <p>CONSOLE INTERFACE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of memory permanently stores IOS software images?

    <p>FLASH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic process does Boot ROM perform during the router's startup?

    <p>Executing Power on Self Test (POST)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a router, what is the purpose of the Ethernet Interface?

    <p>Connect to LAN networks of various types</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of routing protocols like RIP, OSPF, and BGP in large network systems?

    <p>Automatically learn and advertise loop free paths between sub-networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which layer of the OSI model do gateways typically operate?

    <p>Layer 4 or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can slow down the performance of a gateway?

    <p>Protocol translations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do gateways facilitate communication between dissimilar networks?

    <p>By translating network protocols</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding gateways?

    <p>They can consist of both hardware and software components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do gateways play in the context of LANs?

    <p>Connecting different types of LANs as a single entity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a function of a gateway?

    <p>Routing traffic within a single network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of a gateway in everyday use would be?

    <p>A router connecting to an ISP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using classless addressing over classful addressing?

    <p>It allows for the creation of smaller address blocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is used to combine multiple smaller IP address blocks into one larger block?

    <p>Super netting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many addresses are contained within a class C address range?

    <p>256</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about subnetting is true?

    <p>It allows the creation of smaller address blocks from larger ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when borrowing bits from the host portion of a class 'C' block?

    <p>It creates additional usable subnets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the class 'C' address range 192.64.123.0, what is the binary representation of the subnet mask?

    <p>11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a requirement for super netting to occur?

    <p>The blocks must be contiguous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first address in the range identified by the class 'C' network 192.64.123.0?

    <p>192.64.123.1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using MPLS in packet-forwarding decisions?

    <p>It eliminates dependence on specific Data Link Layer technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the bottom of the stack flag in an MPLS label signify?

    <p>It signifies that no other labels follow in the stack.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about Label Edge Routers (LER)?

    <p>They are usually not popping the label.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do P routers play in an MPLS network?

    <p>They function only as transit routers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are MPLS labeled packets switched compared to traditional routing methods?

    <p>They involve a Label Lookup followed by Label Switching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the 8-bit TTL field in an MPLS label?

    <p>To control the number of hops a packet can take.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Label Switch Router (LSR)?

    <p>To switch packets based solely on MPLS label information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between MPLS and ATM in terms of packet handling?

    <p>MPLS adds a label to each packet while ATM uses cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the MPLS process begin when an unlabeled packet enters an ingress router?

    <p>By determining the forwarding equivalence class for the packet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many Label Switched Paths (LSPs) are required for two-way communication in an MPLS network?

    <p>Two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the tunneling capabilities of MPLS and ATM?

    <p>ATM only supports a single level of tunneling with VPI and VCI in the cell header.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is MPLS considered more suitable for modern IP networks compared to ATM?

    <p>MPLS was designed to be complementary to IP from the beginning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of MPLS connections (LSPs)?

    <p>They require different paths for forward and reverse data flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum length of an ATM cell?

    <p>53 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which environments is MPLS predominantly utilized?

    <p>IP-only networks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an application of MPLS?

    <p>Telecommunications traffic engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protocol standardizes MPLS?

    <p>RFC 3031</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum length a datagram can be, as indicated by the total length field?

    <p>65,535 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What purpose does the identification field of an IP datagram serve?

    <p>To help in fragmenting the datagram when necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bit in the flags field of an IP datagram is always set to zero?

    <p>The first bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the time to live (TTL) value of a datagram at each network hop?

    <p>It is decremented by one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the fragment offset in an IP datagram?

    <p>It specifies the ordering of datagram reassembly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the protocol field in an IP datagram indicate?

    <p>The type of encapsulated protocol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a datagram's time to live (TTL) reaches zero?

    <p>It is discarded from the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bits are allocated to the flags field in an IP datagram?

    <p>3 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the header checksum in IP datagrams?

    <p>To detect and discard corrupted headers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using multicast communication in IP networks?

    <p>It allows a single device to communicate with a select group of hosts without overloading the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes a characteristic of IP addresses?

    <p>Each must be unique within the same network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should the header be modified if options are included in an IP datagram?

    <p>It must be padded with zeroes to make it a multiple of 32 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of address formatting is utilized for a broadcast packet?

    <p>An address range where both the host and subnet portions are set to all ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of Internet Protocol, what does the time to live (TTL) field do?

    <p>Sets a limit on the number of hops a datagram can take</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of IP addressing, what does routing primarily allow devices to accomplish?

    <p>Identify when information is local versus when it needs to be forwarded to another network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of utilizing a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) instead of a header checksum?

    <p>It has a higher probability of detecting errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes unicast communication from broadcast communication?

    <p>Unicast targets a single receiver while broadcast targets all devices in a given range.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the OSI model primarily manages the establishment and termination of connections for IP communication?

    <p>Transport layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What format is used to represent IP addresses?

    <p>Dotted-decimal notation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these protocols uses a decimal value of 2?

    <p>IGMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of IP communication distinguishes it as connectionless?

    <p>It does not establish a permanent end-to-end connection before data transfer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When an IP datagram is sent to an 'all hosts' broadcast, what does the host portion become?

    <p>Set to all 1's</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do most modern routers block broadcast traffic?

    <p>To prevent unnecessary congestion within the local subnet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the role of a router in the context of data transmission?

    <p>A router determines whether data is local or needs to be routed elsewhere.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the host portion of an IP address from the network portion?

    <p>The host portion is unique for each host within the network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the total number of unique hosts on a network determined in classful addressing?

    <p>By the number of bits allocated to the host portion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In scenarios where two hosts communicate over the Internet, what role do IP Datagram play?

    <p>They simply hold the source and destination addresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor primarily led to the transition from classful addressing to classless addressing?

    <p>The inefficiency and wastage of address space in classful addressing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When identifying a host on a network, what is the prerequisite step?

    <p>Determining the specific network that the host resides on.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes a fundamental characteristic of networks in classful addressing?

    <p>Hosts on the same local network must share the same network address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which challenge is associated with the absence of information to distinguish network and host portions in an IP packet?

    <p>It makes it difficult to understand the hierarchy of network addresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what aspect does CLASSLESS addressing improve upon CLASSFUL addressing?

    <p>It allows for a more flexible distribution of IP address space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of MPLS local protection for real-time applications compared to IP layer recovery mechanisms?

    <p>Faster recovery times up to 50ms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect distinguishes MPLS from IP in terms of operational interaction?

    <p>MPLS relies on IGP routing protocols for label forwarding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of MPLS over ATM in terms of packet transmission?

    <p>MPLS can work with variable length packets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does MPLS support overlapping address spaces in Layer 3 VPNs?

    <p>By implementing unique label identifiers for traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the key difference in signaling protocols between MPLS and ATM.

    <p>MPLS uses RSVP/LDP while ATM uses PNNI</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does MPLS achieve tunneling compared to ATM?

    <p>MPLS utilizes label stacking for multiple levels of tunneling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common bottleneck for routers without TCAM/CAM in the context of MPLS?

    <p>Limited performance due to slow lookups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of the connection established by an MPLS Label Switched Path (LSP)?

    <p>Uni-directional, requiring two LSPs for two-way communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding the compatibility of MPLS and IP networks?

    <p>MPLS and IP can coexist seamlessly within the same infrastructure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of connection-oriented services, how do MPLS and ATM fundamentally differ?

    <p>ATM does not maintain connection state at each node</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is establishing separate MPLS paths necessary for different types of traffic between the same routers?

    <p>Core routers must treat each traffic type distinctly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of ATM compared to MPLS concerning data transmission?

    <p>ATM is limited to a single level of tunneling with VPI and VCI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation exists in the scope of IGP used for MPLS regarding its application across different carriers?

    <p>Standardization issues hinder carrier-to-carrier MPLS service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common application of MPLS in network management?

    <p>Telecommunications traffic engineering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of MPLS simplifies its implementation over ATM in IP networks?

    <p>MPLS does not require a complex adaptation layer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an MPLS network, what do two LSPs ensure for data communication?

    <p>That data flows in the opposite direction from its original path.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Data Transmission on WAN

    • WAN is a network that extends communication from a building to anywhere globally, either private or public
    • WANs use TCP/IP protocols for transmission
    • TCP/IP is a set of network protocols that run on the global internet network
    • TCP is responsible for reliable end-to-end segment delivery
    • Sequencing of segments is numbered for transmission
    • Lost data segments are requested for retransmission
    • Error checking, using a 32-bit CRC check, ensures data integrity
    • Port numbers for source and destination are used to redirect transmitted data to the appropriate upper-level service
    • TCP header has fields for source and destination ports, sequence numbers, acknowledgement numbers, offset, flags, checksum, options, window, padding, and data
    • UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a connectionless protocol
    • UDP header includes source port, destination port, length, and checksum; and data
    • IP addresses are unique identifiers for devices on a network
    • Internet Protocol (IP) defines how to route data over the internet network
    • IP addresses consist of a network portion and a host portion
    • Special IP addresses exist, including network addresses, broadcast addresses, loopback address, private addresses, multicast addresses, and reserved addresses
    • There are different routing methods including static and dynamic routing
    • Static routing is manually configured, while dynamic routing protocols automatically calculate optimal routes
    • Some dynamic routing methods are RIP, OSPF, EIGRP, BGP

    WAN Devices

    • Routers connect different networks
    • Routers filter traffic to different networks
    • They direct data within a network and between networks
    • Forward packets based on routing on a table
    • Act as the gateway for networks using different protocols
    • Manage broadcast traffic for local networks
    • Learn and advertise routing paths for communication flow between different networks and subnets

    MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching)

    • MPLS is a networking technology
    • It uses labels to prioritize and accelerate data transmission for WANs
    • MPLS directs data packets using labels, rather than using comprehensive routing tables
    • MPLS routing does not need to examine the whole packet

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    Data Transmission on WAN PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential concepts of Wide Area Networks (WAN), including the transmission protocols TCP/IP and their roles in reliable data delivery. It discusses the functions of TCP and UDP, error checking mechanisms, and the importance of IP addresses in network communication. Test your knowledge on these crucial networking principles.

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