Data Transmission on WAN

An older method of assigning IP addresses, dividing the address space into classes (A, B, C, D, E) based on the first octet, each with different network and host sizes.

A class of IP addresses with a large network and many possible hosts (up to 16 million).

A class of IP addresses with a medium-sized network and many possible hosts (up to 65,534).

A class of IP addresses with a small network and fewer possible hosts (up to 254).

Inefficient use of IP addresses when networks have fewer hosts than the block assigned, leading to unused addresses.

A method to translate private IP addresses to public IP addresses, allowing multiple devices on a private network to share a single public IP address.

An IP address used within a private network, not accessible from the public internet.

A newer version of the IP protocol designed to address the limitations of IPv4, providing a significantly larger address space.

Data packets transmitted over the internet using the internet protocol.

Executes instructions from the operating system (IOS) to perform router functions like routing, network modules control, and system initialisation.

Non-erasable memory storing startup diagnostic code (ROM Monitor) for hardware diagnostics (POST) during boot and loading IOS from flash to memory.

Stores the complete IOS software image, backup configurations, and other files; it's the only way to permanently store and move these files.

Battery-backed static RAM (SRAM) for permanent storage of startup configuration, hardware info, and MAC addresses for LAN interfaces.

Memory divided into main processor memory and shared I/O memory for storing things like routing tables, cache, and running configuration.

Used for initial router configuration using emulation software (like HyperTerminal).

Connects to Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Gigabit Ethernet LANs (local area networks).

For wide area networks (WANs) using synchronous, asynchronous, or smart serial connections.

Connects various input/output devices to the processor.

Communicates between the CPU and other components.

Protocols used by routers to automatically discover and advertise network paths.

A device (hardware or software) that connects networks using different protocols, translating data between them.

Wide Area Network - a network that covers a large geographical area, such as a country or the world.

A layer in the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model responsible for end-to-end communication across a network.

A set of rules and standards for communication between devices on a network.

A global network of networks that connects computers and other devices worldwide.

Routing Information Protocol – a simple routing protocol.

Open Shortest Path First – a hierarchical routing protocol.

Intermediate System to Intermediate System – a routing protocol that is widely used.

Interior Gateway Routing Protocol – an older routing protocol.

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol – an enhanced routing protocol.

Border Gateway Protocol – a routing protocol for the internet.

MPLS adds a header (containing one or more labels) to a packet, enabling end-to-end connection across any transport medium, irrespective of the data link layer used.

A sequence of MPLS labels prepended to a packet. Each label contains routing information and tells the network how to forward the packet

The process of examining the MPLS label stack to determine the next hop for a packet. This avoids looking at the IP address

A router that performs forwarding based solely on MPLS labels

A router at the edge of an MPLS network. It handles the insertion and removal of labels

A router that serves as both ingress and egress routers for MPLS traffic

A transit router within the MPLS network, functioning only to forward packets

A 20-bit field within an MPLS label that encodes routing instructions.

A 3-bit field in the MPLS label to prioritize packets based on their quality requirements.

A dedicated communication path between two endpoints across the network, regardless of the underlying transport.

A method of assigning IP addresses with fixed network and host sizes.

Dynamically assigning IP addresses to better utilize the address space.

Dividing a large network into smaller subnetworks.

Combining smaller networks into a single larger network.

A class of IP addresses with a small network and 256 possible addresses.

Contiguous chunks of IP addresses.

The process of taking bits from the host portion to create more subnets.

A binary pattern specifying which bits of an IP address represent the network portion.

MPLS adds a label to each packet for transmission, simplifying the process compared to ATM's segmentation and re-assembly.

ATM uses fixed-length 53-byte cells, unlike MPLS's variable-length packets.

A uni-directional connection in MPLS requiring a pair for two-way communication, allowing potentially different paths for forward and backward traffic.

Bi-directional connections in ATM for two-way traffic over the same path. (Applies to SVC ATM connections.)

MPLS uses label stacking to create multiple levels of tunnels within tunnels.

ATM uses Virtual Paths to tunnel connections, limited to a single level using VPI and VCI in the cell header.

MPLS is designed to integrate with IP, allowing for flexible network design and operation.

ATM is not compatible with IP and has adaptation challenges, making it unsuitable for today's primarily IP networks.

MPLS is used for network traffic engineering, VPNs, and forwarding Ethernet and IP data.

MPLS is an IETF standard, specified in RFC 3031.

Indicates the length of the entire datagram, including header, in octets.

Used to identify fragments of a large datagram.

Indicates if a datagram is a fragment, if fragmentation is allowed, and if it's the last fragment.

Orders fragments for correct reassembly.

Determines how long a datagram can exist, decremented at each hop.

Specifies the type of protocol encapsulated in the IP datagram.

IP communication doesn't establish dedicated connections between sender and receiver. Upper-layer protocols handle connection management and error recovery.

The process of forwarding data packets to their destination by specialized devices (routers) when the destination is not directly connected.

Sending a message from one host to another single host.

Sending a message to all devices within a specific address range.

Sending a message to a specific set of hosts, not defined by standard IP addresses.

A unique numerical label assigned to devices on a network facilitating communication.

The decimal value assigned to the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) in networking.

The decimal value assigned to the Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) in networking.

The decimal value assigned to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) in networking.

The decimal value assigned to the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) in networking.

A 16-bit value used to detect errors in the IP header.

The method used to calculate the header checksum.

The IP address of the sender of an IP datagram.

The IP address of the intended receiver of an IP datagram.

An IP address with all host bits set to 1, used for broadcasting.

Optional information included in the IP header for specific vendor implementations.

A field specifying the length of the IP header in 32-bit words.

The format of the header for an IP datagram.

A network-layer protocol providing unique addresses, connectionless communication, and routing.

Each device on the internet has a unique numerical IP address.

A way to represent IP addresses using numbers separated by dots.

An IP address is divided into network and host portions. The network part identifies the network, while the host part identifies a specific device on that network.

Identifying the network first, then finding the host device within that network. Different networks have different network addresses.

A packet of data sent across a network using the IP protocol. It includes source and destination IP addresses.

The IP address of the host sending the data.

The IP address of the host receiving the data.

An older method of IP addressing that divided the IP address space into classes (A, B, C).

A newer method of IP addressing that allows for more flexible network configurations and better use of address space.

Both MPLS and ATM offer connection-oriented data transport, but differ significantly in their protocols, transport methods, and encapsulation.

MPLS uses CR-LDP and RSVP-TE for managing the paths its data takes.

MPLS does not identify the type of data transmitted; it focuses on routing the packet.

MPLS works alongside IP and its routing protocols to enhance IP network functionality.

MPLS can rapidly restore network connections after failures, supporting real-time applications.

MPLS provides traffic engineering capabilities for IP networks.

MPLS supports Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) that operate at both Layer 2 and Layer 3, utilizing IP encapsulation to enable networking on top of the network.

MPLS uses IGP routing protocols to build a forwarding table for efficiently forwarding packets.

There is no fixed standard for MPLS operations between different carriers.

MPLS adds a label to each packet for transmission, simplifying the process compared to ATM's segmentation and re-assembly.

ATM uses fixed-length 53-byte cells, unlike MPLS's variable-length packets.

A unidirectional connection in MPLS requiring a pair for two-way communication, allowing potentially different paths for forward and backward traffic.

Bi-directional connections in ATM for two-way traffic over the same path. (Applies to SVC ATM connections.)

MPLS uses label stacking to create multiple levels of tunnels within tunnels.

ATM uses Virtual Paths to tunnel connections, limited to a single level using VPI and VCI in the cell header.

MPLS is designed to integrate with IP, allowing for flexible network design and operation.

ATM is not compatible with IP and has adaptation challenges, making it unsuitable for today's primarily IP networks.

MPLS is used for network traffic engineering, VPNs, and forwarding Ethernet and IP data.

MPLS is an IETF standard, specified in RFC 3031.