Data Structures and Algorithms Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of a linked list?

Collection of nodes with tail and head

What is the primary purpose of a stack data structure?

LIFO, best used for recursive functions

What is the definition of a Heap data structure?

Tree based structure, element with highest priority is always at its root

What is the best time complexity for Bubble sort?

<p>O(n)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the best time complexity for Selection sort?

<p>O(n^2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Memory Allocation?

<p>Assigning blocks of memory to different programs during execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Garbage Collection?

<p>Freeing up memory that is no longer used by programs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Firewall?

<p>Security system designed to monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

A deadlock is a situation where two or more processes are unable to continue because each is waiting for resources held by the other.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A White Hat Hacker uses hacking skills for malicious purposes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Software Piracy?

<p>The illegal copying, distribution, or use of software without proper licensing or authorization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a software program that helps manage and organize data in a structured format?

<p>Database Management System</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Data Warehouse?

<p>A Data Warehouse is a centralized repository that stores large volumes of structured data from multiple sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Multiplexer?

<p>Digital logic device that selects one input from multiple inputs and forwards it to a single output line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an Encoder?

<p>Multiple inputs and produces a binary-coded output</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Gantt chart?

<p>Project management tool to visually track and represent project schedules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Digital Twin?

<p>Virtual replica of physical objects/systems for learning and simulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an Accumulator?

<p>Temp. storage for results of operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Status Register?

<p>Holds flags that indicate the status of the CPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Memory Address Register?

<p>Holds memory address of data for fetch/store</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an Instruction Register?

<p>Holds current instruction being executed</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Control Register?

<p>Register in CPU/microcontroller to control and configure the behavior of the processor/hardware component</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Serverless Computing?

<p>Cloud provider manages infrastructure, scaling, and resource allocation dynamically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Quantum Computing?

<p>Uses quantum mechanics principle to process information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Edge Computing?

<p>Data process occurs close to source than cloud</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of an API?

<p>Set of protocols allowing different software apps to communicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Machine Learning?

<p>Field of AI that allows systems to learn data without explicit programming</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Deep Learning?

<p>Subset of ML, involves neural networks with many layers to learn images, audio, and text</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Metaverse?

<p>VR and AR space where users can interact w/ each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a Blockchain?

<p>Records transactions across multiple computers, ensuring data integrity and security with no authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of Cryptocurrency?

<p>Digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for secure transactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of a grey Hat hacker?

<p>Operates in between, sometimes breaking laws but without harmful intent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a program tries to access memory that it is not allowed to?

<p>Segmentation Fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the error that arises when a program tries to access data in an address space that it is not located in?

<p>Page Fault</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the condition where a program consumes memory but fails to release it?

<p>Memory Leak</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of swap space in an operating system?

<p>It acts as virtual memory when physical memory is fully utilized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory is fast, allows reading and writing, but is volatile?

<p>RAM (Random Access Memory)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does a kernel play in an operating system?

<p>It manages system resources and hardware communication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is multitasking in the context of an operating system?

<p>The ability of the OS to run multiple tasks concurrently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a boot loader?

<p>It loads the operating system into memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a Control Register in a microcontroller?

<p>It is used to configure and control the behavior of the processor or hardware component.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a software development context, what is the main purpose of the Software Development Lifecycle?

<p>It provides a systematic process for planning, creating, testing, deploying, and maintaining software.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Data Sharding improve database management?

<p>It splits a large dataset into smaller, manageable chunks called shards, optimizing performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in digital circuits?

<p>It performs arithmetic and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of chart is commonly used for visually tracking project schedules?

<p>A Gantt chart is used to visually represent project schedules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the function of a Database Management System (DBMS).

<p>A DBMS manages and organizes data, allowing users to create, modify, and query databases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a Multiplexer used for in digital communication?

<p>A Multiplexer selects one input from multiple sources and forwards it to a single output line.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of a Data Warehouse in data management?

<p>A Data Warehouse stores large volumes of structured data from multiple sources in a centralized repository.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Quantum Computing differ from classical computing in terms of information processing?

<p>Quantum Computing uses quantum mechanics principles to process information, allowing for vastly parallel computations unlike classical computing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does Edge Computing improve data processing efficiency?

<p>Edge Computing processes data closer to its source rather than relying solely on cloud computing, reducing latency and bandwidth usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do APIs play in modern software applications?

<p>APIs serve as protocols that allow different software applications to communicate and interact with each other seamlessly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify a key feature of Deep Learning that distinguishes it from general Machine Learning.

<p>Deep Learning involves the use of neural networks with many layers to learn and process complex data inputs like images, audio, and text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Blockchain technology in transactions?

<p>Blockchain records transactions across multiple computers to ensure data integrity and security without needing a central authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Cryptocurrency utilize cryptography?

<p>Cryptocurrency uses cryptography to secure transactions, ensuring the authenticity and integrity of each digital currency exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Base Register facilitate in a CPU?

<p>The Base Register holds the base address for memory access, allowing for efficient referencing of memory locations during processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe how AI mimics human intelligence.

<p>AI systems are designed to mimic human intelligence through learning, problem-solving, and decision-making capabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary motivation behind whistleblowing in an organization?

<p>To report unethical, illegal, or harmful activities to authorities or the public.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does quantum cryptography enhance data security?

<p>It uses principles of quantum mechanics to secure transmitted data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the term 'zero-day exploitation'.

<p>It refers to exploiting vulnerabilities that are unknown to developers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of port forwarding in a network?

<p>To allow external devices to access specific services or resources within a private local network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the concept of modularity in system design.

<p>It involves dividing a system into smaller, manageable parts each with a specific task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a White Hat hacker from a Black Hat hacker?

<p>A White Hat hacker uses hacking skills for ethical purposes, while a Black Hat hacker engages in malicious activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a sequence diagram visually represent?

<p>It visually represents the flow of interactions between objects or components in a system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain what a deadlock situation is in process management.

<p>A deadlock occurs when two or more processes cannot continue because each is waiting for resources held by another.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how Dijkstra's Algorithm differs from the Bellman-Ford Algorithm.

<p>Dijkstra's Algorithm finds the shortest path in a weighted graph without negative weights, while the Bellman-Ford Algorithm can handle graphs with negative weights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between Internal Fragmentation and External Fragmentation?

<p>Internal Fragmentation occurs when allocated memory is larger than needed, while External Fragmentation happens when free memory is scattered, making it difficult to allocate large blocks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using a Queue over a Stack in data structures?

<p>A Queue follows the FIFO principle, allowing for orderly processing, while a Stack follows LIFO which may not always be suitable for task management.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the primary function of Paging in a computer's memory management.

<p>Paging is the method of dividing the virtual address space into fixed-size blocks, or pages, that can be efficiently managed and swapped between physical memory and disk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario is Merge Sort preferred over Quick Sort?

<p>Merge Sort is preferred for large datasets where stability is required, as it maintains the order of equal elements, unlike Quick Sort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What data structure would you use to implement a basic recursive function? Why?

<p>A Stack is used for implementing recursive functions as it follows the LIFO principle, allowing for proper handling of function calls and returns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a linked list optimize memory allocation compared to an array?

<p>A linked list allows for non-contiguous memory allocation, which can grow and shrink as needed without the risk of overflow, unlike arrays that require contiguous memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefits does the Garbage Collection process provide in programming?

<p>Garbage Collection automatically frees up memory that is no longer in use, preventing memory leaks and optimizing memory usage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Characteristics of a Tree and a Heap data structure?

<p>A Tree structure organizes data hierarchically, while a Heap is a specific type of tree that maintains a priority ordering, with the highest priority at the root.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Thrashing in an operating system?

<p>Thrashing occurs when the OS spends excessive time swapping data between RAM and disk, severely impacting performance and system efficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of mesh topology in network design?

<p>Mesh topology involves each node being connected to every other node, providing high redundancy and reliability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the main difference between black box testing and white box testing.

<p>Black box testing focuses on testing functionality without knowledge of internal structures, while white box testing requires understanding the internal workings of the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does gray box testing involve?

<p>Gray box testing combines aspects of both black and white box testing, where the tester has partial knowledge of the internal structure alongside testing functionality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of unit testing in software development?

<p>Unit testing is designed to test individual components or units of code for correctness and ensure they function as intended.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does copyright protect original works of authorship?

<p>Copyright grants the owner control over reproduction, distribution, and display of their work, protecting it from unauthorized use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between patent and trademark protections?

<p>Patents protect inventions and allow owners to control their use, while trademarks protect brands, logos, and slogans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of software piracy on the software industry?

<p>Software piracy results in significant financial losses for developers and undermines innovation and investment in creating new software.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the primary goal of acceptance testing.

<p>Acceptance testing aims to verify if the software meets business requirements and is deemed ready for release.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Array

A collection of elements stored in contiguous memory.

Linked List

A collection of nodes with tail and head.

Stack

LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) data structure, useful for recursion.

Queue

Linear data structure, FIFO (First-In, First-Out).

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Heap

Tree-based structure, highest priority element always at root.

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Adjacency Matrix

2D array representing graph connections.

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Dijkstra's Algorithm

Shortest path algorithm in a weighted graph.

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Bellman-Ford Algorithm

Shortest path algorithm in a weighted graph with negative weights.

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Kruskal's Algorithm

Finds minimum spanning tree of a graph.

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Bubble Sort

Best time O(n), Space O(1).

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Selection Sort

Best time O(n^2), Space O(1).

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Merge Sort

Best time O(n log n), Space O(n). STABLE.

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Quick Sort

Best time and space O(n log n) but NOT STABLE.

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Linear Search

Checks each element until target found or end reached.

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Binary Search

Efficient on sorted arrays, repeatedly halves search space.

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Memory Allocation

Assigning memory blocks to programs.

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Garbage Collection

Freeing memory no longer used by program.

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Physical Memory (RAM)

Actual hardware component storing data, often volatile.

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Virtual Memory

Abstraction giving apps contiguous memory impression.

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DRAM (Dynamic RAM)

Used as main memory.

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SRAM (Static RAM)

Used in apps needing fast data access like cache memory.

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Paging

Dividing virtual address space into pages.

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Segmentation

Divides memory into variable sized blocks.

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Thrashing

OS spends excessive time swapping data between RAM and disk.

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Swapping

Moving data between RAM and disk.

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Segmentation Fault

An error that occurs when a program tries to access memory outside of its allocated space.

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Page Fault

An error triggered when a program requests data from an address that is not physically located in memory, often due to incorrect memory management.

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Memory Leak

A situation where a program consumes memory without properly releasing it, leading to a gradual decrease in available memory.

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Swap Space

A portion of hard disk space used as virtual memory when the physical RAM is fully utilized.

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RAM (Random Access Memory)

The main memory of a computer system, allows both reading and writing data, but is volatile, meaning data is lost when power is turned off.

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ROM (Read-Only Memory)

Non-volatile memory used to store critical information needed for the system startup process, which cannot be modified.

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Kernel

The core of an operating system, responsible for managing system resources, hardware communication, and providing services to applications.

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Quantum Computing

Uses quantum mechanics principles to process information, allowing for potentially faster computations compared to classical computers.

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Edge Computing

Data processing occurs closer to the source of the data rather than in a centralized cloud, reducing latency and improving responsiveness.

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API (Application Programming Interface)

A set of protocols that allow different software applications to communicate with each other, enabling data exchange and functionality.

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Machine Learning

A field of AI that allows systems to learn from data without explicit programming, recognizing patterns and making predictions.

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Deep Learning

A subset of machine learning that uses neural networks with many layers to analyze complex data like images, audio, and text.

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Metaverse

A virtual or augmented reality space where users can interact with each other and digital environments, blurring the lines between physical and virtual worlds.

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Blockchain

A distributed ledger that records transactions across multiple computers, ensuring data integrity and security without a central authority.

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Cryptocurrency

A digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for secure transactions, often decentralized and independent of traditional financial institutions.

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What is Fragmentation?

A situation where available memory is scattered, making it difficult to allocate large blocks of contiguous memory.

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What are the two main types of Fragmentation?

External Fragmentation occurs when free memory is scattered, while Internal Fragmentation happens when allocated memory is larger than needed.

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What is Virtual Memory?

An abstraction of physical memory that gives applications the illusion of having contiguous memory, even if physical memory is fragmented.

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What is the difference between DRAM and SRAM?

DRAM (Dynamic RAM) is used as main memory, while SRAM (Static RAM) is used in applications requiring fast data access like cache memory.

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What is Paging?

The process of dividing virtual address space into fixed-size blocks called pages, allowing the operating system to swap these pages in and out of physical memory.

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What is Segmentation?

Dividing memory into variable-sized blocks, allowing for more flexibility in allocating memory to different processes.

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What is Thrashing?

A performance bottleneck where the operating system spends too much time swapping data between RAM and disk, leading to slowed down applications.

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What is Swapping?

The process of moving data between RAM and disk to manage memory usage. It can lead to Thrashing if done excessively.

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What is Physical Memory (RAM)?

The actual hardware component that stores data. It is typically volatile, meaning the data is lost when the power is turned off.

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What is Garbage Collection?

A process that automatically frees up memory no longer used by a program, preventing memory leaks and improving system performance.

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Control Register

A special register in a CPU or microcontroller used to configure and manage the behavior of the device or its components.

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Gantt Chart

A project management tool that visually represents a project schedule, showing the tasks, their durations, and their dependencies.

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Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

A digital circuit within a CPU that performs arithmetic operations (+, -, *, /) and bitwise logical operations (AND, OR, XOR, NOT) on binary numbers.

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Data Sharding

A technique for dividing a large dataset into smaller, manageable chunks called shards, which can be distributed and processed independently.

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Database Management System (DBMS)

A software system designed for managing and organizing structured data in a database. It allows users to create, modify, query, and control access to the data.

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Data Warehouse

A centralized repository that stores large volumes of structured data from multiple sources, designed for analysis and reporting.

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Multiplexer

A digital logic device that selects one input from multiple inputs and forwards it to a single output line.

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Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC)

A systematic process for planning, creating, testing, deploying, and maintaining software, involving defined stages and deliverables.

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Network Topology

The arrangement of network devices and connections. Common types include bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid.

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White Box Testing

Testing with knowledge of the system's internal workings, like its code.

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Black Box Testing

Testing the system's functionality without understanding its internal structure.

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Gray Box Testing

A combination of white and black box testing. Tester has partial knowledge of the system.

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Acceptance Testing

Verifying if the software meets business requirements and is ready for release.

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Unit Testing

Testing individual components or units of code for correctness.

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Intellectual Property (IP) Theft

Unauthorized use, reproduction, or distribution of someone else's intellectual property.

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Software Piracy

Illegal copying, distribution, or use of software without proper licensing.

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Whistle Blowing

Reporting unethical, illegal, or harmful activities within an organization to authorities, management, or the public.

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Sequence Diagram

A visual representation of interactions between objects or components in a system, showing the order of messages exchanged.

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Quantum Cryptography

Uses principles of quantum mechanics to secure transmitted data, ensuring its confidentiality and integrity.

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Zero Day Exploitation

Exploiting vulnerabilities in software or systems that are unknown to developers and have not been patched.

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Port Forwarding

A networking technique that allows external devices to access specific services or resources within a private local network.

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Firewall

A security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined rules, blocking unwanted access.

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Deadlock

A situation where two or more processes are stuck, unable to proceed, because each is waiting for resources held by the other.

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Modularity

Dividing a system into smaller, manageable parts, each with a specific task, making it easier to understand, maintain, and modify.

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Study Notes

Data Structures and Algorithms

  • Array: Collection of elements stored in contiguous memory, single section allocated.
  • Linked List: Collection of nodes with a tail and head, used for recursive functions.
  • Stack: LIFO (Last-In, First-Out) data structure, often used for recursive functions.
  • Queue: FIFO (First-In, First-Out) linear data structure.
  • Heap: Tree-based structure, highest priority element is always at the root.
  • Adjacency Matrix: Graph representation using a 2D array.
  • Dijkstra's Algorithm: Shortest path algorithm in a weighted graph.
  • Bellman-Ford Algorithm: Shortest path algorithm in weighted graphs with negative weights.
  • Kruskal's Algorithm: Finds the minimum spanning tree of a graph.
  • Bubble Sort: Best time O(n), Space complexity O(1).
  • Selection Sort: Best time O(n^2), Space complexity O(1).
  • Merge Sort: Best time O(n log n), Space Complexity O(n) - Stable.
  • Quick Sort: Best time O(n log n), Space complexity O(log n), NOT Stable.
  • Linear Search: Checks each element until the target is found or reached the end.
  • Binary Search: Efficient, works on sorted arrays dividing elements into halves.
  • Memory Allocation: Assigning memory blocks to programs during execution.
  • Garbage Collection: Freeing up memory no longer used by programs.
  • Fragmentation: External Frag: free memory is scattered, hard to allocate large blocks, Internal Frag: allocated memory is larger than needed.

Memory Management

  • Physical Memory (RAM): Actual hardware component storing data, can be volatile.
  • Virtual Memory: Abstraction of memory, gives apps the impression of contiguous memory.
  • DRAM: Dynamic RAM used as main memory.
  • SRAM: Static RAM used in caches.
  • Paging: Dividing virtual address space into fixed-size pages.
  • Segmentation: Divides memory into variable-sized blocks.
  • Thrashing: Excessive swapping between RAM and disk, can slow down processes.
  • Segmentation Fault: Error when program tries to access memory outside its allocated space.
  • Memory Leak: Programs consume memory without releasing it.
  • Swap Space: Space on hard disk used as virtual memory when RAM is full.
  • ROM: Read-only memory, non-volatile, stores critical system startup info.
  • Kernel: Manages system resources and hardware communication.

Operating System Concepts

  • Shell: Outermost layer of OS, acts as an interface between user and kernel.
  • Multitasking: OS ability to run multiple tasks concurrently.
  • System Call: Allows user-level apps to request services from the OS.
  • Bootstrap Process: Loading the OS into memory.
  • Boot Loader: Program for loading the OS.
  • Semaphore: Controls access to shared resources in concurrent programs.
  • Load Balancing: Distributes network traffic or computing tasks across multiple servers.

Cloud Computing

  • Cloud Computing: Delivery of computer services over the internet.
  • Serverless Computing: Cloud provider manages infrastructure, scaling, and resource allocation.
  • Quantum Computing: Uses quantum mechanics for information processing.
  • Edge Computing: Processing data near its source for faster response.

Software Development Concepts

  • API (Application Programming Interface): Set of protocols allowing software apps to communicate.
  • Machine Learning: Field of AI where systems learn from data without explicit programming.
  • Deep Learning: Subset of ML, uses neural networks for complex tasks.
  • Metaverse: VR and AR space for user interaction.
  • Blockchain: Records transactions across multiple computers.
  • Cryptocurrency: Digital/virtual currency using cryptography for secure transactions.

Computer Architecture

  • Digital Twin: Virtual replica of physical objects for learning and simulation.
  • Program Counter: Holds the memory address of the next instruction.
  • Accumulator: Temporary storage for results.
  • Status Register: Holds flags indicating CPU status.
  • Memory Address Register: Holds the memory address of data.
  • Instruction Register: Holds the current instruction being executed.
  • Base Register: Holds the base address for memory access.
  • Control Register: Controls and configures processor/hardware behavior.
  • Application Layer / Presentation Layer / Session Layer / Transport Layer / Network Layer / Data Link Layer / Physical Layer: Layers of the TCP/IP model.
  • Gantt Chart: Project management tool for visual tracking of schedules.
  • ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Digital circuit performing arithmetic and bitwise operations on integers.
  • Data Sharding: Dividing large datasets into smaller chunks for easier management.
  • DBMS (Database Management System): Manages and organizes data in a structured way.
  • Data Warehouse: Centralized repository for large amounts of structured data.

Computer Security and Networking

  • Multiplexer: Digital circuit selecting one input from multiple inputs.
  • Encoder: Produces a binary-coded output.
  • Software Development Lifecycle: Systematic process for planning, creating, testing, deploying, and maintaining software.
  • Whistle Blowing: Reporting unethical, illegal, or harmful activities.
  • Sequence Diagram: Represents flow of interactions between system components.
  • Quantum Cryptography: Uses quantum mechanics for secure data transmission.
  • Zero-day Exploitation: Exploits vulnerabilities unknown to developers.
  • Port Forwarding: Networking technique allowing external access to specific local services.
  • Firewall: Security system controlling incoming and outgoing network traffic.
  • Deadlock: Situation where two or more processes are blocked.
  • Modularity: Breaking down systems into smaller parts.
  • Hat Hacker: Hacker with ethical or unethical purposes.
  • Network Topology: Arrangement of elements in a computer network.
  • Acceptance Testing: Verifying software meets business requirements.
  • Unit Testing: Testing individual components.
  • Integration Testing: Testing interactions between modules.
  • System Testing: Testing the entire integrated system.
  • Intellectual Property Theft: Unauthorized use of others' creations.
  • Software Piracy: Illegal copying, distribution, or use of software.

Other

  • ISO 25010: Standard for software quality.
  • Cyberbullying: Using technology to harass, threaten, or manipulate others.
  • Fair Use: Limited use of copyrighted materials without permission.
  • Reverse Engineering: Deconstructing software to understand its functionality.

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