Data Structure & Algorithms 1, Chapter 1 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of the assignment operation in algorithms?

  • To output a value to the user
  • To read input from the user
  • To assign a value to a variable (correct)
  • To evaluate expressions only

Which statement accurately describes the assignment operation?

  • The right side must have a defined value before execution (correct)
  • The left side must always be a constant
  • The assignment symbol is only used for output
  • A variable cannot hold the result of an expression

In the expression 'X = Y + 3', what must be true about variable Y?

  • Y must be initialized with a value (correct)
  • Y must be declared but not necessarily initialized
  • Y must have an undefined value
  • Y must be a constant

What types of operands can be used in an expression?

<p>Variables, constants, and functions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly shows an arithmetic operation?

<p>R = 34 MOD 5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type is represented by a single character enclosed in apostrophes?

<p>CHAR (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following operators is valid for the INTEGER type?

<p>DIV (B), PRED (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the REAL type in programming?

<p>Set of numbers with a fractional part (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following operations can be performed using BOOLEAN type?

<p>Logical OR (B), Relational comparison (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which character set is standard for representing characters in CHAR type?

<p>Any defined character set (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What operator is NOT valid for the CHAR type?

<ul> <li>(B)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an arithmetic operator valid for the REAL type?

<ul> <li>(A)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of control structures within the body of an algorithm?

<p>To establish the order of actions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of algorithmic formalism?

<p>To express solutions in a universal format for better communication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of an algorithm specifies the name and optional purpose?

<p>Header (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What keyword marks the beginning of the body of an algorithm?

<p>BEGIN (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the declarations in the environment section include?

<p>Declarations of inputs, outputs, and local data (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a meaningful algorithm name important?

<p>It provides clarity on the algorithm's function to the reader (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of an algorithm's structure?

<p>Procedure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of establishing conventions in algorithmic formalism?

<p>Standardization that allows multiple authors to share algorithms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a valid identifier according to the rules specified?

<p>object_Speed1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the local data declarations in the environment section?

<p>To maintain variables specific to the execution context of the algorithm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What signifies a constant in a programming algorithm?

<p>A symbolic name with a fixed value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a standard type of data declared in an algorithm?

<p>Constant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct format for declaring a constant in an algorithm?

<p>Constant Identifier_Constant = Value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In programming, what is meant by the term 'identifier'?

<p>A unique name for objects in the program (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a true statement about the integer type in programming?

<p>Its values are limited by the size of machine words. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the example 'Constant Capacity = 120'?

<p>It assigns a constant value that represents maximum capacity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which character cannot be used in the declaration of an identifier?

<p>(C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Algorithmic Formalism

A set of conventions used to express solutions to problems as algorithms in a universal language.

Algorithm Structure

Algorithms are structured in a header (name, purpose, variables), and a body (commands, operations).

Algorithm Header

Contains the name of the algorithm and its optional role/purpose.

Algorithm Environment

A section of an algorithm that declares the input, output, and local variables/objects used in the algorithm.

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Algorithm Body

The section of the algorithm that contains the instructions for the algorithm.

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Algorithm Name

A meaningful identifier to make the algorithm readable; helps users understand the algorithm's purpose.

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Input Data

Essential data that an algorithm needs to function.

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Output Data

Data generated or calculated by the algorithm.

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Identifier

A unique name given to an object in an algorithm.

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Identifier Rules

Identifiers must start with a letter, can contain letters, digits, and underscores, and cannot contain spaces or special characters.

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Constant

An identifier with a fixed value that cannot change during the algorithm's execution.

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Constant Declaration

A way to declare or define the identifier and fix its value in the algorithm, typically done at the beginning of an algorithm.

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Integer Type

A data type that holds whole numbers.

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Algorithm Structure

The overall organization and format of an algorithm, typically including declarations and a body to manipulate objects.

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Algorithm Header

The beginning part of an algorithm, which includes the name of the algorithm and declarations.

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Algorithm Body

The core part of an algorithm, where the operations are performed to manipulate objects, run submodules and carry out other tasks.

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Type

Specification defining the kind of values an object can have.

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INTEGER type

A data type representing whole numbers.

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REAL type

A data type representing numbers with decimal parts.

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CHAR type

A data type representing a single character.

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Integer Operators

Symbols used with integer numbers in calculations. Examples: +, -, *, DIV, MOD.

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Real Operators

Symbols used with real numbers in calculations. Examples: +, -, *, /.

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Boolean Operators

Used for logical operations between Boolean (True/False) values.

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Char Operators

Symbols for comparing and working with characters.

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Algorithm Structure

How the steps of a problem-solving approach are arranged logically.

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Algorithm Body

The part of an algorithm that contains the actions to be carried out.

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Assignment Statement

Giving a value to a variable. The variable gets the value of an expression or constant.

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Variable

A named storage location for a value in an algorithm.

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Expression

A combination of values, variables, and operators that calculates a result.

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Arithmetic Operator

Operator used in math calculations (+, -, *, /, MOD, DIV).

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Assignment Operator

The operator that assigns a value (e.g., =).

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Variable Initialization

Giving a value to a variable before using it in an expression.

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Integer Division (DIV)

Division that results in an integer, discarding any fractional remainder

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Modulo Operation (MOD)

Operation that returns the remainder of a division

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Study Notes

Data Structure & Algorithms 1, Chapter 1: Algorithm Formalism

  • Need for Algorithmic Formalism:

    • To analyze a problem, a designer must express the solution using a universal formalism; this is an algorithm.
    • A common language helps understand algorithms created by others.
    • Algorithmic formalism is essential.

  • Algorithmic Formalism:

    • A set of conventions or rules used to express solutions to problems.

  • Adopted Formalism:

    • The chosen formalism ensures algorithms are readable and understandable by multiple individuals.

Algorithm Structure

  • Header:

    • Contains the algorithm name and its optional role description.
    • Examples include Algorithm Calculate_circle_area and Algorithm Integer_sum.
    • A meaningful name helps understand the algorithm's function.

  • Environment (Declarations):

    • A comprehensive list of objects used and manipulated within the algorithm.
      • Variable names (identifiers) specify their use and distinguish them from other objects.
      • Data types indicate the nature of possible values.
      • Values assigned at specific points in the algorithm's execution.

  • Identifier Concept:

    • Naming objects follows specific rules:
      • Starts with lowercase or uppercase letter.
      • Contains letters, digits, or underscores.
      • No spaces or special symbols (e,g., %, ?).
      • Examples: x, objectSpeed Pi, name_
      • Examples of incorrect identifiers: 34x, speed object.

  • Constants:

    • Format: constant Identifier_constant = Value
      • Some variables hold constant values that don't change during execution.
      • These are declared with their identifier and value at the start of the algorithm.
      • For example, Constant PI = 3.1415 or Constant TVA = 19, Constant Capacity = 120.

  • Data Types in C++:

    • Built-in types: integer, floating-point, character, Boolean.
    • Derived types: function, array, pointer.
    • User-defined types: class, structure, enum.

  • Standard Types:

    • Integer: The set of integer numbers, but limited by machine word length. Designated by INTEGER (e.g., int in C/C++).
    • Real: The set of numbers with fractional parts, limited by internal representation. Designated by REAL (e.g., double in C/C++).
    • Character: Corresponds to a single character (letters, numbers, special symbols, whitespace), represented as a character inside single quotes in the code. Designated by CHAR (e.g., char in C/C++).

  • Standard Types (Valid Operators):

    • Integer: Relational (<, >, ==, <=, >=). Arithmetic (+, - , * , /, MOD, DIV). Successor (SUCC, PRED)
    • Real: Relational (<, >, ==, <=, >=). Arithmetic (+, -, *, /). None for successor;

  • Standard Types (Valid Operators) - Boolean and Char: - Boolean: Relational (<, >, ==, <=, >=). Logical (AND, OR, NOT). - Char: Relational (<, >, ==, <=, >=). Arithmetic (+, -, *, /, remainder of divisions). Successor (SUCC, PRED)

  • Algorithm Body:

    • Contains the actions to be followed.
    • Organized into basic actions and control structures.

  • Basic Actions:

    • Assignment: Assigning a value to a variable. Format: variable = expression Example: x = 0, x = y + 1. Variables on both sides must be compatible.

    • Expressions: Arithmetic, logical, relational and mixed. Format: variable = expression Evaluation order: from left to right. Predefined procedures (for example, SQR, SQRT, DIV, MOD)

    • Input: Receiving values (e.g., from keyboard or a file). Format: READ([f], x1, ..., xn).

    • Output: Writing output to the screen or file. Format: WRITE([f], r1, ..., rn).

  • Reading:

    • Takes values from the keyboard or an input file.
    • Assigns values to variables, considering type compatibility.
    • Example: READ(N), READ(a, b, c).

  • Writing (Outputs):

    • Sends the result to the screen or output file.
    • Evaluates expression, and its value(s) are displayed.
    • Example: WRITE('The avg is: ', avg).

  • Expression Evaluation (Remarks)

    • Table shows types for variables in expressions.
    • Errors can result if operators are not applied to correct types.

  • Parantheses:

    • Used in complex expressions to control order.
    • Innermost parenthesis evaluated first.

  • Example Algorithm: Calculate the average of two integer numbers.

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Description

Test your understanding of algorithm formalism in this quiz based on Chapter 1 of Data Structure & Algorithms 1. Explore the importance of a universal formalism for problem-solving and the structure of algorithms. Challenge yourself with questions on definitions, conventions, and examples provided in the chapter.

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