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Questions and Answers

What is the primary responsibility of a Data Owner?

  • Determining data classification and protective measures. (correct)
  • Providing advice on data usage.
  • Implementing protective measures for data.
  • Using the data for daily operations.

How does the role of a Data Custodian differ from that of a Data Owner?

  • Data Custodians primarily use the data, while Data Owners secure it.
  • Data Custodians determine data classification, while Data Owners implement protective measures.
  • Data Custodians execute the decisions made by the Data Owners. (correct)
  • Data Custodians are external entities, while Data Owners are internal.

In what significant way has the landscape of cyber threats changed over the years?

  • The motivation for cyber attacks has shifted from financial gain to causing disruption.
  • The primary threat actors have shifted from teenagers to organized crime and nation states. (correct)
  • Cyber attacks have become less sophisticated due to readily available tools.
  • The cost of cybercrime has decreased due to enhanced security measures.

Which of the following characteristics most distinguishes a 'Disgruntled Insider' from an 'Accidental Insider'?

<p>Intent to cause harm to the organization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are 'Accidental Insider' threats considered to be substantially damaging to an organization?

<p>The frequency and collective impact of their unintentional actions can be devastating. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of security, what is the primary function of 'Authorization' within the AAA framework?

<p>Granting a user specific permissions to access resources or functions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability) and AAA (Authentication, Authorization, Accountability) in a security program?

<p>AAA provides the foundation necessary for achieving CIA. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of 'Procedures' within the PPT (Policy, Procedure, Training) framework?

<p>To outline the detailed, step-by-step instructions for implementing security policies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios would be most effectively addressed by implementing the principle of Least Privilege?

<p>An employee accidentally deletes important files they were not authorized to access. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is 'Training' a critical component of the PPT framework?

<p>It ensures employees understand and can adhere to security policies and procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST likely consequence of failing to establish clear 'Accountability' measures within a security program?

<p>It becomes difficult to determine who is responsible when security incidents occur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organization implements multi-factor authentication. Which pillar of the AAA framework does this primarily support?

<p>Authentication (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company's security policy requires all employees to change their passwords every 90 days. What element of the PPT framework does this represent?

<p>A policy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organization implements a system where employees are granted access to all resources necessary for their role, along with access to several non-essential systems. Which principle is MOST clearly violated?

<p>The principle of Least Privilege. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A hospital restricts patient data access to only the doctors and nurses directly involved in their care. This measure MOST directly supports which aspect of the CIA triad?

<p>Confidentiality, protecting patient information from unauthorized disclosure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario BEST exemplifies a violation of data integrity?

<p>A disgruntled employee intentionally alters financial records to embezzle funds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company prioritizes data confidentiality above all else, implementing strict access controls while neglecting regular system maintenance and backups. What is the MOST likely consequence of this approach?

<p>Potential loss of critical data due to lack of backups in case of system failure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A security team implements complex password policies and multi-factor authentication but fails to monitor network traffic for suspicious activity. Which security principle is MOST lacking in this scenario?

<p>Detection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organization outsources its security monitoring to a third-party vendor. What is the organization's PRIMARY responsibility regarding this relationship?

<p>Ensuring the vendor's security practices align with the organization's policies and standards. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A small business owner downloads a free antivirus program from an unknown website. The program appears to work, but the computer starts exhibiting strange behavior, and sensitive data is leaked, what type of threat is MOST likely the cause?

<p>A trojan horse disguised as legitimate software. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company's IT department discovers a former employee accessed confidential files several weeks after their termination. Which security control failure is MOST evident in this scenario?

<p>Inadequate account termination procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organization is implementing a new data governance framework. How should the responsibilities be divided to ensure effective data protection, considering the roles of Data Owner, Data Custodian, and Users?

<p>The Data Owner classifies data and defines protective measures, the Data Custodian implements these measures, and Users provide feedback on data utility. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the evolution of cyber threats altered the risk mitigation strategies employed by organizations?

<p>Organizations must invest heavily in advanced threat intelligence and proactive security measures to defend against well-funded and motivated attackers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are 'Accidental Insider' threats considered a significant concern for organizations despite the lack of malicious intent?

<p>The frequency of accidental actions and the potential scale of their impact can lead to substantial aggregate damage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee, through unintentional actions, installs malware on their computer, creating a backdoor for external attackers. How would this scenario be classified in terms of insider threats?

<p>Accidental Insider leading to an External Insider threat (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organization aims to minimize the risk posed by Disgruntled Insiders. Which strategy would be MOST effective in achieving this?

<p>Provide channels for employees to voice concerns and resolve grievances, alongside robust access controls and monitoring. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates a violation of the 'Principle of Least Privilege'?

<p>A system administrator is granted full read/write access to a database, despite needing only read access for their daily tasks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An organization implements strict network security measures that significantly slow down network performance, hindering employees from completing essential tasks. Which core security principle is most directly compromised in this situation?

<p>Availability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential outcome of neglecting the '...and nothing more' aspect of the Principle of Least Privilege?

<p>Increased risk of unauthorized data access and potential security breaches. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the principle of Prevent/Detect/Respond (PDR), what action should be prioritized after implementing preventive measures?

<p>Actively monitoring the security posture to detect any failures or breaches. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario where a company's customer database is encrypted to prevent unauthorized access, which aspect of the CIA triad is being primarily addressed?

<p>Confidentiality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST critical element that makes detection valuable within a security strategy?

<p>The ability to effectively respond to detected incidents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the 'Security by Thirds' model, what is a key responsibility of a security professional acting as a 'manager'?

<p>Making informed decisions about technology implementation, risk management, and budget allocation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A hospital implements a system that automatically backs up patient records every hour and stores them in a secure offsite location. Which aspect of the CIA triad is being primarily addressed?

<p>Availability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A company implements a digital signature system to ensure that financial transactions cannot be altered after they are approved. Which aspect of the CIA triad is most directly addressed by this measure?

<p>Integrity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it essential for a security professional to have skills resembling those of a lawyer, as described by 'Security by Thirds'?

<p>To understand and address all legal and regulatory requirements related to data protection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios represents a balanced application of the CIA triad in a real-world business environment?

<p>A pharmaceutical company implements robust security measures to protect sensitive research data, ensures data accuracy, and maintains system uptime for critical research activities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who bears the ultimate legal responsibility for protecting an organization's assets?

<p>The Senior Manager (e.g., CEO, Commander, Director). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario involving a data breach at a major corporation, which of the following actions would be considered part of the 'respond' phase of the 'Prevent / Detect / Respond' security model?

<p>Isolating affected systems, notifying law enforcement, and communicating with affected customers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a large organization, the Senior Manager delegates the authority to manage security to the CISO. What aspect CANNOT be delegated alongside this authority?

<p>The responsibility for the organization's security. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST important benefit of having a security professional possessing skills that fit the 'Security by Thirds' model?

<p>Having comprehensive expertise spanning technology, management, and legal aspects of security. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario BEST demonstrates an effective application of the Prevent/Detect/Respond (PDR) principle?

<p>An organization implements anti-malware software, monitors network traffic for unusual activity, and has an incident response plan in place. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies the 'Principle of Least Privilege'?

<p>Restricting a data analyst's access to only the specific databases and tables needed for their analysis, while denying access to other sensitive information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of security, what is the primary purpose of 'Authentication' within the AAA framework?

<p>To verify the identity of a user attempting to access a system or resource. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do 'Policies' differ from 'Procedures' within the PPT framework?

<p>Policies are high-level statements of intent, while procedures are the specific steps to implement those policies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is 'Training' considered a vital component of an effective security program, according to the PPT framework?

<p>Training ensures users understand and can adhere to security policies and procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to use CIA for PRIORITIZATION?

<p>To help identify critical assets and prioritize security efforts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between 'AAA' and 'PPT' in maintaining a strong security posture?

<p>Effective 'AAA' requires solid 'PPT' to ensure users are accountable for their actions (or inactions) related to policies and procedures. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario demonstrates a failure in 'Accountability' within the AAA framework?

<p>A data breach occurs, but the organization cannot determine which user was responsible for the security lapse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept 'If I can change your balance, it is VERY bad!' relate to security principles?

<p>Having the ability to change financial records violates integrity and indicates a major security flaw. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the 'Prevent/Detect/Respond' (PDR) model, what is the LEAST effective approach to security?

<p>Detecting threats without having a clear response strategy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the 'Security by Thirds' model, what is the primary function of the 'manager' component for a security professional?

<p>Making decisions about technology implementation, risk assessment, and budget allocation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the role of the 'technologist' component within the 'Security by Thirds' model?

<p>Implementing and maintaining technologies that safeguard information assets. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key responsibility that a Senior Manager CANNOT delegate, even when delegating the authority to implement security measures?

<p>The legal and ethical responsibility to protect the organization's assets. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the principles outlined, what is the MOST critical reason for implementing detection measures in a security strategy?

<p>To identify and manage threats that bypass preventative controls or when prevention fails. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between authority and responsibility in the context of organizational security?

<p>Authority can be delegated, but the ultimate responsibility remains with the senior manager. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the 'Security by Thirds' model, encompassing technology, management, and legal aspects, what is the purpose of the 'lawyer' component?

<p>To address legal and regulatory requirements related to information protection and compliance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which role has the ultimate legal responsibility for protecting an organization's assets?

<p>Senior Manager (CEO, Commander, Director). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Data Owner

Person with primary responsibility for data; determines classification and protective measures.

Data Custodian

The person/group that enacts the data owner's decisions.

Data Users

Use data and provide advice, effectively acting as Data Custodians to some extent.

Disgruntled Insider

An insider who is unhappy or angry, leveraging their access to cause damage.

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Accidental Insider

An employee/user who unintentionally causes harm, often through simple mistakes.

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CIA Triad

Availability, Integrity, Confidentiality: the core principles guiding security practices.

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Authentication

Verifying a user's identity.

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Authorization

Granting a user specific access rights.

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Accountability

Holding users responsible for their actions.

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PPT

Policy, Procedure, and Training: foundational elements for a security program.

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Policy

A high-level statement of management's security intentions.

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Procedure

Detailed, step-by-step instructions to implement policies.

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Training

Ensuring users understand and follow policies and procedures.

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Principle of Least Privilege

Granting users only the access necessary to perform their job and nothing more.

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Confidentiality

Protecting information from unauthorized access.

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Integrity

Maintaining the accuracy and completeness of information.

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Availability

Ensuring authorized users can access information when needed.

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CIA Application

Security measures should address confidentiality, integrity, and/or availability.

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Ideal CIA Balance

Ideal security aims for equal emphasis on confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

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Realistic CIA Balance

In reality, security prioritizes CIA differently based on organizational needs/data sensitivity needing prioritization.

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Prevent/Detect/Respond (PDR)

A security approach that prioritizes preventing threats, detecting failures, and responding effectively.

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PDR Actions

Strive to block threats first, then identify anything that bypasses prevention, and finally, take action on detected threats.

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Security by Thirds

A security professional should have skills in technology, management, and law.

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Technologist (Security)

Understanding tech to implement security measures, communicating needs to IT, makes up 1/3 of a security expert.

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Manager (Security)

Making informed decisions, assessing risks, and managing budgets make up 1/3 of a security expert.

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Lawyer (Security)

Understanding legal and regulatory requirements related to information protection.

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Senior Manager

The person with ultimate legal responsibility for protecting an organization's assets.

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Delegate Authority

The assignment of authority to others, while retaining ultimate responsibility.

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Modern Cyber Threats

Organizations now face well-funded, highly motivated organized crime and nation-states.

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External Insider

A compromised computer inside the network is controlled by an external attacker.

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Data Users (Security)

Users who use data and provide advice, functions similarly to Data Custodians.

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Data Custodian Role

These people make the decisions of the data owners happen.

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Accidental Inside Threat Actor

The most common attack vector that is the end result of the accidental insider.

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Least Privilege

Limiting access rights to the minimum needed to perform authorized tasks.

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Confidentiality (CIA)

Ensuring information is protected from unauthorized access.

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Integrity (CIA)

Maintaining the accuracy and completeness of information.

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Availability (CIA)

Ensuring authorized users can access information when they need it.

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AAA

Authentication, Authorization, and Accountability: Key security processes.

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Prevent / Detect / Respond

An approach to security focused on stopping threats, finding breaches, and fixing problems.

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Prevention (Security)

The ideal state in security, blocking threats before they occur.

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Detection (Security)

Identifying security breaches or failures in preventive measures.

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Response (Security)

Taking action to neutralize threats and recover from security incidents.

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Detection & Response

Detection is useless without taking corrective actions.

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Security Technologist

Technology supports security efforts, implementing protective measures and communicating security needs.

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Security Management

Making decisions, managing risks, and allocating budgets for security initiatives.

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Security Legal

Understanding legal and regulatory requirements for protecting information.

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Senior Manager Responsibility

Ultimately responsible for protecting organizational assets, even when delegating security tasks.

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