Data Analysis Chapter 1-4 Flashcards

What should axes be when creating a bar chart or histogram?

Which of the following is a common graphical method that allows us to determine whether two numerical variables are related in some systematic way?

How can a scatter plot incorporate a categorical variable?

What does the number 51 represent for Generation X in the table?

In a bubble plot, how is the third numerical variable represented?

A ____ column chart is an advanced version of the column chart designed to visualize more than one categorical variable.

Which of the following are true of line charts? (Select all that apply)

What does each point in a scatter plot represent?

A heat map uses ' ____ ' to display relationships between variables.

A scatter plot with a ' ____ variable' includes a third categorical variable.

A ___ plot shows the relationship between three numerical variables.

A ___ chart displays a numerical variable as a series of data points connected by a line.

Which of the following would be a good usage for a heat map? (Select all that apply)

The difference between cross-sectional and time series data is whether the data is evaluated at a single point in time or multiple points in time.

Data privacy evaluates moral problems related to data.

Gender is an example of which measurement scale?

Which of the following is true of structured data?

A good measure of dispersion should consider differences of all observations from the mean.

If the covariance is negative, then x and y have a negative linear relationship.

If the covariance is positive, then x and y have a positive linear relationship.

If the covariance is zero, then x and y have no linear relationship.

If the correlation coefficient equals -1, then x and y have a perfect negative linear relationship.

If the correlation coefficient equals 0, then x and y are not linearly related.

If the correlation coefficient equals 1, then x and y have a perfect positive linear relationship.

When defining the 3 Vs of big data, 'velocity' refers to the immense amount of data compiled from a single source or a wide range of sources.

Examples of categorical variables include: (Select all that apply!)

We refer to the population mean as a ___ and the sample mean as a ___

What type of data collection method involves collecting season records of baseball teams at the end of the season?

A weakness of 'ordinal data' is that we cannot interpret the difference between the ranked value.

What are the three most widely used measures of central location?

Which of the measures of central location is defined as the middle value of a data set?

The only thing that differs between a population mean and a sample mean is the notation. The population mean is referred to as:

If a variable has one mode, then we say it is ' ____ ' if it has two modes, then it is common to call it ____

A percentile is technically a measure of location; how many students had scores lower than your score if you know that the raw score corresponds to the 75th percentile?

What is the primary measure of central location?

Which numerical descriptive measure shows whether two numerical variables have a linear relationship?

The term ' ____ ' location relates to the way numerical data tend to cluster around some middle or central value.

Select all of the measures below that are useful for measuring dispersion.

After arranging the data in ascending order, we calculate the median as (1) the middle value if the number of observations is odd or (2) the average of the two middle values if the number of observations is even.

Which is true of the use of the range as a measure of dispersion?

Which of the measures of central location is defined as the observation that occurs most frequently?

What is true of the interquartile range (IQR)?

The 25th percentile is referred to as the ' ____ ' quartile, the 50th percentile is referred to as the '____ ' quartile, and the 75th percentile is referred to as the ' ____ ' quartile.

Calculate the Mean Absolute Deviation for the following data: We have observed the age of 3 individuals in a study, where the mean age is 40. The observed ages were 31, 40, and 49. What is the MAD?

Measures of which type gauge the underlying variability of the data?

Which of the following is true of the variance and standard deviation?

What measure equals zero if all observations are identical and increases as the observations become more diverse?

Which of the following are common measures of shape?

The ' ____ ' is the simplest measure of dispersion; it is the difference between the maximum and the minimum observations of a variable.

The ___ ' range is the difference between the third quartile and the first quartile.

Which of the following statements is true of the skewness coefficient? Select all that are true.

What does MAD stand for when used as a measure of dispersion?

The ____ coefficient is a summary measure that tells us whether the tails of the distribution are more or less extreme than the normal distribution.

The formula for the variance differs depending on whether we have a sample or a ' ____

Which of the following is true of measures of association? Select all that are true.

The ___ coefficient measures the degree to which a distribution is not symmetric about its mean.

Which of the following is true of the covariance? Select all that are true!

Which of the following statements is true regarding the kurtosis coefficient? Select all that are true.

A measure of ____ quantifies the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two variables, x and y.

The ' ____ ' coefficient describes both the direction and the strength of the linear relationship between x and y.

An objective numerical measure that reveals the direction of the linear relationship between two variables is called the ' ____.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding outliers in data analysis? (Choose all that apply)

When constructing a box plot, what does the five-number summary contain?

Which of the following is true of the correlation coefficient? Select all that are true!

The Empirical Rule provides precise statements regarding the percentage of observations that fall within a specified number of standard deviations from the mean. Which of the following is a correct statement? Select all that apply!

Extremely large or small observations for a variable are referred to as ' ____.

During boxplot construction, which of the following must be included? Rank these steps in the correct order.

Because almost all observations fall within three standard deviations of the mean, it is common to treat an observation as an ' ___ ' if its z-score is more than 3 or less than −3.

Z-score measures the relative location of an observation and indicates whether it is an outlier.

Which 'tool' depicts the frequency or the relative frequency for each category of the categorical variable as a series of horizontal or vertical bars?

In a survey with 1000 respondents, if the relative frequency of online teaching proponents was 0.252, how many respondents preferred online teaching?

In a large lecture class of 280 students, if the professor announced that the mean score on an exam is 74 with a standard deviation of 8, how many standard deviations above the mean would a score of 90 be?

If a bar chart depicts the relative frequency for categories of occupations, and the Doctor bar has a value of 0.4 with 10 employed individuals, how many Doctors were in the group?

The mean and standard deviation of scores on an accounting exam are 74 and 8. If a student scores 90 in both classes, what are the z-scores?

Which of the following are valid methods for visualizing a numerical variable?

Converting raw data into a ' ___ ' distribution is often a first step in making the data more manageable.

Which of the following examples violates the 'mutually exclusive' guideline for interval construction?

A frequency distribution for a categorical variable records the number of observations that fall into each category. If 116 chose Audi out of 1000 respondents, what is the relative frequency of Audi respondents?

Which of the following are valid shapes of a histogram?

A vertical bar chart is often referred to as which of the following?

For a numerical variable, a _________ distribution groups data into intervals and records the number of observations that fall into each interval.

When constructing a graph, the vertical axis SHOULD be stretched so that an increase or decrease appears more pronounced than warranted.

For a numerical variable, what are some guidelines for developing intervals?

Contingency tables and stacked column charts are methods that summarize the relationship between two categorical variables.

When constructing a histogram, what does the height of each bar represent? Choose all that are correct responses.

When examining the relationship between two categorical variables, a ' ___ ' table proves very useful.

Which of the following is true of a stacked column chart?

A scatter plot is a graphical tool that plots pairs of data. Once the data are plotted, what may the graph reveal? (Select all that apply)

Select all that apply for the key guidelines for constructing or interpreting charts or graphs.

Cross-sectional Data

Time Series Data

Nominal Measurement Scale

Categorical Variables

Structured Data

Unstructured Data

Good Measure of Dispersion

Measures of Central Location

Median

Negative Covariance

Positive Covariance

The 3 Vs of Big Data

Velocity (in Big Data)

Percentile

Five-Number Summary

Interquartile Range (IQR)

Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD)

Histograms

Bar Chart

Scatter Plots

Outliers

Z-score

Range

Standard Deviation

Stacked Column Charts

Bubble Plot

Line Charts

Heatmap

Line charts

Bubbles plots