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What is the main difference between data and information?
Which of the following is a form of data?
What is the base of the hexadecimal number system?
How are numbers typically represented in the decimal system?
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Which statement best defines knowledge in relation to data and information?
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What device is referred to as a programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data?
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What type of notation is used to represent floating-point numbers in scientific notation?
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Which of the following representations is NOT used for numbers?
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What unit is used to measure the speed of a processor?
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Which of the following is an example of system software?
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Who is regarded as the father of modern day computers?
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During which era were adding machines developed by Blaise Pascal and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz?
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Which generation of computers is characterized by the use of transistors?
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What is one of the common applications of computers in society?
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Which of the following inventions belongs to the electro-mechanical era?
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What type of software protects a computer from viruses?
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What are the two main components of a computer?
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Which unit is responsible for executing instructions in a computer?
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Which of the following is considered a non-volatile memory?
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An example of a microcomputer is?
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Which of these is not a common input device?
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Which of the following best describes firmware?
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What is the primary function of the control unit in a CPU?
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What is the equivalent of 1 gigabyte in bytes?
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What is mobile computing primarily concerned with?
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Which of the following is a type of wireless network that supports mobile computing?
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Which mobile operating system is developed by Google?
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What does confidentiality in computer security ensure?
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Which practice enhances the authentication process based on user identity?
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What is the purpose of education in computer security practices?
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What is NOT an aspect of computer security?
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Which is considered a strong authentication method?
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What is one essential component of a strong password?
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Which function is NOT mentioned as a feature of Microsoft Word?
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What does the acronym ICT stand for?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of social media?
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Which internet service allows users to send messages electronically?
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What primary purpose does a Word Processor serve?
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Which of the following is a benefit of staying updated with software versions?
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Which internet service is primarily used for real-time voice communication?
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Study Notes
Data, Information and Knowledge
- Data is raw, unprocessed facts and figures with no inherent meaning, like numbers, words, pictures.
- Information is processed data that has been given context and makes sense to the user.
- Knowledge combines information, experience, and insight to help individuals or organizations.
- Often, data and information are used interchangeably.
- Data can be discrete (countable, finite) or continuous (non-finite, represented on a number line).
Simple Computer Model
- A computer is a programmable electronic device that processes data.
- A computer follows an algorithm, a sequence of instructions for performing a task.
- Computers take input, process it, and output results.
- Components of a computer model include input, output, processing, and storage.
- The processing unit (CPU) consists of the control unit (CU) and the arithmetic/logic unit (ALU).
- Storage memory is either volatile (RAM) or non-volatile (secondary storage).
- Computers are known for automation, accuracy, speed, storage capacity, versatility, diligence, multitasking, and communication abilities.
- Computers require both software (logical, non-physical) and hardware (physical) to function.
Hardware Components
- Hardware are the tangible parts of a computer, including input, output, memory, and processing devices.
- Input devices:
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Joysticks
- Touchscreens
- Pen devices
- Character recognition
- Voice recognition
- Barcode readers
- USB drives
- Hard disks (HDs)
- Compact disks (CDs)
- Output devices:
- Monitor
- Speaker
- Printer
- Headphones
- Memory devices:
- Volatile: RAM (Read Access Memory)
- Non-volatile: ROM (Read-Only Memory), hard drives, DVD/CDs, flash drives
- Memory capacity is measured in bytes (8 bits = 1 byte).
- 1 kilobyte (kb) = 1024 bytes
- 1 megabyte (mb) = 1024 kb
- 1 gigabyte (gb) = 1024 mb
- Common CPU manufacturers include Intel and AMD.
- Examples of CPUs: Intel Pentium, Intel i5 Quadcore
- Processor speed is measured in hertz (Hz), representing one clock cycle.
- 1 kilohertz (kHz) = 1000 Hz
- 1 megahertz (MHz) = 1000 kHz
- 1 gigahertz (GHz) = 1000 MHz
Software Components
- Software is the logical, non-tangible part of a computer, consisting of programs used to run it.
- Software is categorized as either system software or application software.
- System software operates and controls computer hardware, further divided into operating system software and utility software.
- Operating systems: Windows OS, Mac OS, Unix/Linux OS, Windows Mobile, iPhone OS (iOS), Windows NT, Android
- Utility software: BIOS, virus protection software
History of Computers
- History of computers spans the pre-mechanical, mechanical, electro-mechanical, and modern eras.
- Pre-mechanical era: counting devices, abacus, tally sticks.
- Mechanical era:
- Blaise Pascal (1642): adding machine
- Leibniz (1690): adding machine
- Charles Babbage (1822): Difference machine
- Charles Babbage & Augusta Ada Byron (1833): Analytical machine
- Babbage is considered the "father of modern day computers".
- Electro-mechanical era: vacuum tubes, electrically-based computers
- Herman Hollerith (1890): punched card machines
- Howard Aiken (1936): Harvard Mark I computer
- John Atanasoff (1930): Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
- John Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert (1946): ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer)
- Modern era: vacuum tubes and digital computers, divided into generations:
- First Generation (1943-1958): Vacuum tubes (UNIVAC, ENIAC)
- Second Generation (1959-1964): Transistors
- Third Generation (1965-1970): Integrated circuits
- Fourth Generation (1971-1989): Large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits
- Fifth Generation (1990-Present): High performance computing, smart devices
Computer Applications
- Computers and electronic technologies are integrated into almost every aspect of society.
- Areas of application include:
- Business
- Banking and finance
- Government
- Education
- Marketing
- Insurance
- Healthcare and medicine
- Engineering design
- Military
- Home
- Manufacturing
- Agriculture
- Workplace
- Scientific research
- Recreation and entertainment
Mobile Devices and Applications
- Mobile computing is the use of portable devices (laptops, tablets, smartphones) with communication technologies for data, voice, and video transmission over wireless networks.
- Wireless networks supporting mobile computing:
- Wireless Personal Area Networks (Bluetooth, Sensors)
- Wireless LANs (802.11 family)
- Fixed Wireless (e.g. CDMA)
- Cellular networks (1G-5G)
- Satellite systems
- Mobile hardware: portable laptops, smartphones, tablet PCs, Personal Digital Assistants.
- Mobile operating systems:
- Android (Google)
- iOS (Apple)
- BlackBerry OS (RIM)
- Windows Mobile (Microsoft)
- Mobile Communication Technologies:
- 1G-5G (first to fifth generation mobile telecommunications)
- Global Positioning System (GPS)
- Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
- Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)
- Near Field Communication (NFC)
Computer Security
- Computer security protects assets to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
- Confidentiality: Only authorized users can view assets.
- Integrity: Only authorized users can modify assets.
- Availability: Authorized users can access and use assets.
- Control measures for confidentiality: access control, authentication, and identification.
- Identification: Assertions of one's identity.
- Authentication: Verifying one's claimed identity.
- Common authentication method: password (known only to user and system).
- Strong authentication methods combine authentication mechanisms:
- Something the user knows (password, PIN, mother's maiden name)
- Something the user has (physical key, ID badge, driver's license, security token)
- Something the user is (voice recognition, biometrics)
- Multifactor authentication uses two or more mechanisms for increased security.
- Best practices for security:
- Educate yourself with internal security training.
- Treat online information with skepticism.
- Check privacy policies and understand how your information is shared.
- Use strong passwords with letters, numbers, and special characters.
- Protect passwords and never share them.
- Keep software up-to-date.
Microsoft Word (Brief)
- Microsoft Word is a word processor used for creating and editing text-based documents like memos, letters, newsletters, and reports.
- Part of the Microsoft Office suite, which includes Excel, Access, PowerPoint, and Outlook.
- Features:
- Spell checking: Underlining misspelled words.
- Grammar checking: Underlining grammatical errors.
- Automatic formatting as you type.
- Tracking changes made to documents.
ICT and Society
- Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is an integral part of modern life, revolutionized by the internet and social media.
- The internet is a global communication network connecting computers for information exchange.
- Internet services:
- World Wide Web (WWW)
- Electronic Mail (E-mail)
- News Groups
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
- Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
- Telnet
- Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
- Gopher
- Social media platforms facilitate community-based input, interaction, content-sharing, and collaboration.
- Diverse types of social media platforms include forums, microblogging, social networking, social bookmarking, social curation, and wikis.
- Popular social media examples: Facebook, Google+, Friendster, hi5, LinkedIn, Twitter, Tumblr, XING, Flickr, Howcast, iTunes, MySpace, Picasa, Vimeo, YouTube, Blab, Delicious, Digg, Instagram, Pinterest, Quora, Reddit, Scribd, SlideShare, Wikipedia, Yelp, WhatsApp, 2Go, Nairaland, LindaIkejiBlog, etc.
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Description
This quiz covers the essentials of data, information, and knowledge, highlighting their differences and interrelations. It also includes an overview of a simple computer model, detailing how computers process data and the key components involved. Test your understanding of these foundational concepts in computing and information theory.
