Data Collection Methods in Experiments and Interviews

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Questions and Answers

Why may census surveys not guarantee accuracy?

Because they are always conducted by ordinary researchers

Due to potential biases that can magnify with more observations (correct)

For the reason that they require resurveys for validation

As a result of being too costly for government institutions

What makes it difficult to check bias or its extent in census surveys?

Excessive governmental regulations

Resource constraints in terms of time, money, and energy (correct)

Lack of interest from ordinary researchers

The need for resurveys and sample checks

Why are census surveys often beyond the reach of ordinary researchers?

As a result of having no utility in practical field studies

For being too simplistic and not challenging enough

Because of their ease of conducting large field studies

Due to resource constraints and their feasibility primarily for government institutions (correct)

Why is the examination of every item in the population not always possible or necessary?

Sufficiently accurate results can be obtained by studying only a part of the total population Signup and view all the answers

What consideration often leads to the selection of a sample of respondents in practical field studies?

Time and cost considerations Signup and view all the answers

Why should the selected respondents in a sample survey be as representative as possible?

To produce a miniature cross-section Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of experiments carried out in a laboratory or under controlled conditions?

To collect formalized data for generalizations Signup and view all the answers

What is the interview method of data collection?

Presenting oral-verbal stimuli and receiving oral-verbal responses Signup and view all the answers

Which type of interview involves face-to-face interaction between the interviewer and the interviewee?

Personal interview Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of direct personal investigation in the interview method?

It is suitable for intensive investigations Signup and view all the answers

When might an indirect oral examination be used instead of a direct personal investigation?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cross-examining other persons in an indirect oral examination?

To gather additional information from knowledgeable sources Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about structured interviews is true?

They are more economical and allow for safe generalization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main task of the interviewer in a focused interview?

To confine the respondent to discussing relevant issues. Signup and view all the answers

In a non-directive interview, the interviewer's role is to:

Encourage the respondent to talk about a given topic. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a merit of the interview method?

More information and greater depth can be obtained. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential advantage of the interview method?

The interviewer can overcome respondent resistance. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the interview method is true?

It can yield a representative sample of the general population. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Data Collection

Data collection through experiments in laboratory or controlled conditions provides formalised data for building generalisations.
Interviews are a method of collecting data, involving oral-verbal stimuli and responses.

Interview Method

Presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses defines the interview method.
Personal interviews and telephone interviews can be used to collect data.
The interviewer asks questions, and responses are recorded.

Types of Interviews

Direct personal investigation: the interviewer collects information personally from the sources concerned.
Indirect oral investigation: the interviewer cross-examines other persons who have knowledge about the problem under investigation.
Structured interview: suitable for descriptive studies, providing a safe basis for generalisation, and requiring relatively lesser skill on the part of the interviewer.
Focussed interview: focuses on the respondent's experience and its effects, allowing the interviewer to explore reasons and motives.
Non-directive interview: the interviewer encourages the respondent to talk about the given topic with minimal direct questioning.

Merits of Interview Method

More information and in-depth information can be obtained.
The interviewer can overcome respondent resistance using their skill.
The interview method can yield an almost perfect sample of the general population.

Sample vs Census Survey

Census may not guarantee accuracy due to potential biases.
Sample surveys can provide sufficiently accurate results by studying a part of the total population.
Time and cost considerations often lead to the selection of a sample of respondents.
The selected respondents should be representative to produce a miniature cross-section.

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Description

Explore the process of collecting formalised data in experiments conducted under controlled conditions and through personal interviews using oral-verbal stimuli. Learn about different data collection techniques and methods such as personal and telephone interviews.