Dairy Production
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Questions and Answers

What is the recommended width and depth for feed boxes when raising calves in groups?

  • 30 cm wide x 20 cm deep
  • 20 cm wide x 10 cm deep
  • 25 cm wide x 15 cm deep (correct)
  • 15 cm wide x 5 cm deep

    • What is the ideal height of the top of the feed boxes from the floor?

  • 51 cm (correct)
  • 71 cm
  • 41 cm
  • 61 cm

    • How far should water sources be from the floor or ground for calves?

  • 70 cm
  • 30 cm
  • 51 cm (correct)
  • 25 cm

    • What is the maximum distance between the feed boxes and the waterers?

    <p>They should be located away from each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For older calves confined in groups, what is an alternative water source mentioned?

    <p>Halved drum or concrete water tanks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average per capita consumption of milk compared to the recommended amount?

    <p>It is 78 percent of the recommended amount.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does income level affect milk consumption?

    <p>Lower income correlates with lower milk consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not mentioned as a reason for low milk consumption?

    <p>Rich land resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of the Dairy Law mentioned in the content?

    <p>It symbolizes the political will to develop the dairy industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What animal populations are mentioned as potential resources for dairy production?

    <p>Cattle, carabaos, and goats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is highlighted as beneficial for fodder production?

    <p>Favorable climate conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary issue related to milk production is mentioned?

    <p>Low milk production yields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which institution is involved in existing milk collection systems?

    <p>Bureau of Animal Industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is characterized by a reddish brown color with or without white markings and is known for its docile nature?

    <p>Sahiwal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average daily milk production in kilograms for a mature Tharparkar female?

    <p>6 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed has a lactation period of 300 days?

    <p>Sahiwal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average butterfat percentage of milk produced by a Red Sindhi cow?

    <p>4.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is not emphasized during the selection of milking animals?

    <p>Type of breed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The average weight of a mature male Sahiwal is approximately how many kilograms?

    <p>540 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average annual milk production in days for a mature Sahiwal cow?

    <p>300 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a cow has no records available, how should selection be determined?

    <p>Based on educated judgment or physical evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed experiences a deepening of color when pregnant?

    <p>Tharparkar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable physical feature of the Sahiwal breed?

    <p>Massive hump in males</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What material is recommended for bedding in the calving area?

    <p>Rice hulls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why should the udder of the cow be cleaned before calving?

    <p>To prevent infection in the calf</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should assistance during calving be provided?

    <p>Only when necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first action to take after a calf is born?

    <p>Drain mucus from the nose and mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How far should the navel cord be tied from the calf's body?

    <p>3 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is colostrum and why is it important for the calf?

    <p>It's the first milk rich in nutrients necessary for growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended for calves that have difficulties in suckling?

    <p>Allow them with the dam during the day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can a calf be allowed with the dam before separation?

    <p>3 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with the afterbirth after the calf is born?

    <p>Properly dispose of it and the litter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an effective method for identifying calves shortly after birth?

    <p>Ear tag or earnotch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is listed as a common disease of dairy cattle?

    <p>Mastitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of housing is recommended for dairy cattle that allows for ease of manure management?

    <p>Stanchion housing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of the milk collection program mentioned?

    <p>To provide a ready market for dairy producers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is recommended for ensuring proper nutrition of dairy animals?

    <p>Incorporating both concentrates and roughage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential requirement for a pasture to be considered suitable for dairy cattle?

    <p>Elevation, fertility, and water supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following methods is indicated for milking dairy cattle?

    <p>Both hand and machine milking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended feature of resting sheds for dairy cattle?

    <p>Well-bedded and well-ventilated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should calves be identified shortly after birth?

    <p>Using ear notching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended lot space for calves in a dirt lot?

    <p>9 to 14 sq m/head</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What slope is recommended for hard-surface lots for a milking herd?

    <p>2 to 5 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average amount of water consumption per day for cattle?

    <p>10 to 15 gallons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How wide should feed bunks be for large cattle if feeding is permitted from one side only?

    <p>61 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended height for artificial shade structures for cattle in hot weather?

    <p>2 to 3 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the Dairy Industry Development Act of 1979?

    <p>To enhance local milk production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total domestic milk consumption is constituted by local milk production in the Philippines?

    <p>Less than 5 percent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the cost of imported milk and dairy products for the Philippines in 1977?

    <p>$82 million.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the cost of importing milk affected the Philippine economy?

    <p>It has heavily drained the country's dollar reserves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What serious health issue is related to milk consumption in the Philippines?

    <p>Malnutrition in preschool children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a goal outlined in the Dairy Industry Development Act of 1979?

    <p>To develop an indigenous dairy industry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of local milk production being less than 5% of consumption?

    <p>The country relies heavily on foreign dairy imports.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the development of the Philippine dairy industry considered urgent?

    <p>To meet local demand for milk and combat malnutrition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which individual is affiliated with the Bureau of Animal Industry?

    <p>Mr. Manuel L. Rocha.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Dairy Industry Development Act of 1979 seek to reduce?

    <p>Dependence on foreign dairy products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial quality for a good milk animal?

    <p>Uniform size and functional teats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason small dairy farmers should consider using artificial insemination?

    <p>Limited resources for feeding and maintaining bulls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a valid reason for culling a dairy animal?

    <p>Health abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average length of the estrus cycle in cattle?

    <p>17 to 23 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate response to a cow that requires many services before conception?

    <p>Consider culling the cow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the duration of an estrus or heat period in cows?

    <p>Approximately 8 to 30 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which abnormal behavior may lead to culling in dairy cows?

    <p>Sucking self or mates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does a heifer typically start showing signs of heat?

    <p>6 to 8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a vital physical assessment when evaluating a bull for breeding?

    <p>Overall body conformation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major criterion for determining low milk yield for cow culling?

    <p>Daily production of 8 kg or below</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum weight requirement for heifers to be bred?

    <p>250 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age should heifers be separated from bulls to prevent premature breeding?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should pregnant animals avoid to reduce stress during their pregnancy?

    <p>Walking long distances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the last two months of pregnancy, how should the animals be managed?

    <p>Mixed with the dry herd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended practice for managing a milking herd?

    <p>Maintain kindness and care during feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of impending calving?

    <p>Congestion of the vulva</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be provided in the calving area to ensure a safe environment for pregnant animals?

    <p>Clean and dry bedding materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential practice for the nutritional management of a milking herd?

    <p>Ensure maximum milk production through proper feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should pregnant animals be housed separately?

    <p>One week before calving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method should be used to keep the cows clean in a milking herd?

    <p>Brush off adhering dirt and clip fur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum recommended quarantine period for purchased animals before they are added to the herd?

    <p>30 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which management practice is essential for controlling parasites in a herd?

    <p>Pasture rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if multiple cows abort or fail to settle in a herd?

    <p>Call the veterinarian immediately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action regarding milk from treated cows with mastitis?

    <p>Withhold milk from treated quarters for at least 72 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which practice is recommended when using bulls for breeding in a herd?

    <p>Using clean young bulls for virgin heifers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue highlighted in the foreword regarding the Philippine dairy industry?

    <p>Overdependence on imported dairy products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is primarily contributing to milk production in the Philippines?

    <p>Backyard dairy farmers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What financial impact does milk consumption have on Filipino families as mentioned in the foreword?

    <p>High milk prices affect low-income families significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a long-term goal for the Philippine dairy industry as mentioned in the foreword?

    <p>To enhance the viability of small farm owners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the foreword indicate the need for technology aimed at small farm groups?

    <p>Small farms contribute to only a small percentage of milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum area required for an individual calf pen?

    <p>2.2 sq.m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key reason for the publication of the volume by the Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research?

    <p>To advance small family enterprises and promote commercial farming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended design feature for cages constructed in series?

    <p>Solid partitions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much space should each older calf have in a group without an outside run?

    <p>3 sq.m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What market situation does the foreword describe regarding dairy products in the Philippines?

    <p>Domestic dairy consumption is heavily reliant on imports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended depth for feed boxes in individual pens?

    <p>15 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the foreword describe the economic condition of families in relation to milk consumption?

    <p>Financial status affects the ability to afford milk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal distance that slatted flooring should be elevated from the ground?

    <p>0.30 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flooring is preferred for both types of cages?

    <p>Slatted flooring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substitutes can be used for the recommended feed boxes?

    <p>Metal pails</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum total dimension for feed boxes suggested for individual pens?

    <p>20 x 25 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done to feed boxes to ensure easy maintenance?

    <p>Make them removable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum area requirement for calf pens in general?

    <p>2.2 sq.m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended temporary structure for calves during milking?

    <p>Temporary structure to be placed only during milking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consideration for the height of feed boxes for calves?

    <p>Optimal height is around 60 cm from the ground</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is crucial for handling calves effectively?

    <p>Temporary structures for added safety during handling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is essential in the design of feed boxes for group-raised calves?

    <p>Feed boxes should support nutritional intake and comfort</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In designing facilities for milking calves, what aspect is prioritized?

    <p>Ease of access and safety during milking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major design consideration for milk collection facilities?

    <p>Easy access for transportation and hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature should not be absent in a milking facility?

    <p>Presence of adjacent resting areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distance should be avoided between feeding and watering stations?

    <p>More than 20 feet, to ensure convenience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor can influence the design of dairy raising facilities?

    <p>Weather conditions and climate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of maintaining a proper distance between feed and water sources?

    <p>Minimizes cross-contamination risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average daily milk production of a mature Sahiwal female?

    <p>8 Kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed of cattle has an average daily milk production that may range from 4.3% to 6% butterfat?

    <p>Tharparkar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is emphasized during the selection of dairy cattle?

    <p>Mothering ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average lactation period in days for a Red Sindhi cow?

    <p>275 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which selection method should be utilized when no records are available for evaluating a milking animal?

    <p>Physical evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is characterized by a massive hump in males that often falls to one side?

    <p>Sahiwal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average weight of a mature female Tharparkar?

    <p>385 Kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following breeds has the heaviest average weight for mature males?

    <p>Sahiwal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature is observed in the coat color of Tharparkar cattle during pregnancy?

    <p>Color deepens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the pedigree of an animal important in the selection process?

    <p>It helps predict future performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disease is associated with the need for vaccination of breeding animals prior to breeding?

    <p>Vibriosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For which disease is periodic testing recommended in order to prevent its spread?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is suggested for managing I.B.R. in cattle?

    <p>Vaccination prior to exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of Bovine viral diarrhea?

    <p>Ulcers throughout the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy is effective in controlling Shipping fever?

    <p>Vaccination and antibiotic administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the recommended daily milk consumption is the average actual consumption?

    <p>78%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is identified as having a direct relationship with milk consumption levels?

    <p>Income level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant problem associated with current milk production?

    <p>Dependency on foreign imports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential resource for dairy production mentioned?

    <p>Animal breeding bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What political action is symbolically associated with the development of the dairy industry?

    <p>Approval of the Dairy Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated as a method to enhance milk production in the context provided?

    <p>Utilizing underutilized lands for fodder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization is involved in the system of milk collection mentioned?

    <p>Dairy Training and Research Institute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average amount of milk recommended per capita consumption per year?

    <p>32.85 kg/year</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consideration in designing housing for dairy cattle?

    <p>Comfort and health of the animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about loose housing is accurate?

    <p>Animals are free to move between areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of calves allowed in a group setting to ensure proper management?

    <p>10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to keep dairy calves in individual pens during the milk-feeding period?

    <p>To minimize calf mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of stanchion barns for dairy cattle?

    <p>Each cow is restrained in a stall except when grazing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is crucial for designing quarters for dairy calves?

    <p>Easy cleaning and disinfecting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what period should calves preferably be tied, particularly during feedings?

    <p>For thirty minutes after feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using stanchion barns?

    <p>Increased labor for milking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the two types of housing for dairy cattle?

    <p>Loose and stanchion housing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the age difference be when housing calves in groups?

    <p>2 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of inbreeding in animal breeding?

    <p>To enhance the probability of inheriting desired characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes grading up in animal breeding?

    <p>Mating a purebred sire with a grade female to improve traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage of artificial insemination is highlighted in the context provided?

    <p>It allows access to a larger pool of genetic material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common issue arises from the widespread use of artificial insemination?

    <p>Lack of trained A.I. technicians</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of inbreeding mentioned in the content?

    <p>Perpetuation of undesirable characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is artificial insemination considered a cost-effective solution?

    <p>It is cheaper to obtain quality semen than to maintain bulls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about crossbreeding is accurate?

    <p>It results in offspring with mixed characteristics from different breeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a breeding center for artificial insemination?

    <p>Dairy Research Institute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the weight range for veal calves that are ready for market?

    <p>90 to 100 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the benefits of using artificial insemination mentioned?

    <p>It serves as a means to control venereal diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of dehorning calves is considered the most practical for backyard use?

    <p>Hot iron dehorning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the process of grading up in cattle breeding?

    <p>Mating a purebred sire with a non-purebred female</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason to remove supernumerary teats from calves?

    <p>To enhance the appearance of the udder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range are male stockers typically reared after the veal stage?

    <p>4 to 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does not need to be dehorned?

    <p>Calves born without horns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should dehorning of calves be performed?

    <p>When the horn buttons can be felt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is associated with the removal of male calves from female groups?

    <p>To increase veal production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it recommended to allow calves to have daily exercise?

    <p>To enhance muscle development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of applying pine tar or fly repellent powder after dehorning?

    <p>To prevent infections and pest irritation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What age group do weaned female replacements typically fall under?

    <p>4 to 12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common sign of mastitis in dairy cattle?

    <p>Abnormal swelling of the udder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which preventive measure is recommended for cowpox?

    <p>Avoid bringing the virus with herd replacements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment is indicated for a cow diagnosed with Johne's disease?

    <p>Remove reactor animals from the herd</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method of treatment is appropriate for mastitis depending on the type of organism involved?

    <p>Intravenous routes to administer antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended measure to prevent mastitis in dairy cows?

    <p>Implementing routine machine milking maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily amount of concentrates to feed herd bulls?

    <p>2 to 4 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of veal calves regarding their diet?

    <p>They are primarily fed milk or milk replacers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average expected weight of veal calves at 6 to 8 weeks of age?

    <p>80 to 100 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a component typically included in the ration for yearling feeder calves to improve weight gain?

    <p>Concentrates at 1 percent of body weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical daily weight gain for dairy beef yearling feeder calves?

    <p>0.7 to 1.0 kg per day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a suitable roughage source for raising dairy beef calves?

    <p>Sugarcane tops and pineapple pulp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate amount of milk replacer consumed to produce one kilogram of veal?

    <p>10 kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the main goals of the Dairy Industry Development Act of 1979?

    <p>To increase local milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total domestic milk consumption in the Philippines is satisfied by local milk production?

    <p>5 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much did the imports of milk and dairy products cost the Philippines in 1977?

    <p>$82 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significant issue related to nutrition in the Philippines is mentioned in the content?

    <p>Severe malnutrition among pre-school children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the Philippines’ reliance on imported milk?

    <p>Depletion of dollar reserves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of dairy farming is emphasized as interconnected with local milk production?

    <p>Nutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average weight of a mature female Sahiwal?

    <p>370 Kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is there a perceived need to develop an indigenous dairy industry in the Philippines?

    <p>To meet local demand without imports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed is characterized by a white and gray color with a light gray stripe along the backbone?

    <p>Tharparkar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge does the dairy industry face regarding domestic consumption in the Philippines?

    <p>High dependency on imports</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average butterfat percentage produced by a Sahiwal cow?

    <p>4.9%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a notable characteristic of milk as mentioned in the content?

    <p>It is a nutritious food.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the selection process for milking animals, which trait is emphasized?

    <p>Milk yield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What economic issue is highlighted by the cost of imported dairy products?

    <p>Reduction in the country's dollar reserves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lactation period for a Red Sindhi cow?

    <p>275 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended space per head for small cattle in paved lot conditions?

    <p>4.0 sq m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the selection of milking animals ideally conducted when records are unavailable?

    <p>Through educated judgment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed has an average daily milk production of at least 6 Kg?

    <p>Tharparkar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum recommended depth of feed bunks for silage or cut green forage?

    <p>20 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical appearance trait is noted for the Sahiwal breed?

    <p>Large, heavy dewlap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dirt lot, what is the minimum slope that should be provided?

    <p>5 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended amount of water tank space allowed per 10 animals?

    <p>30 linear centimeters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average weight of a mature male Tharparkar?

    <p>540 Kg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which breed's average weight is noted as 415 Kg for males?

    <p>Red Sindhi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What height should artificial shade structures for cattle be built?

    <p>2.0 m to 3.0 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the recommended space provided for large cattle in open sheds?

    <p>Size of the cattle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended amount of feeder space for roughage for small cattle?

    <p>46 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much space should be allowed for large cattle in a paved lot setting?

    <p>4.0 to 6.5 sq m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended surface condition around feeding areas in dirt lots?

    <p>Compacted with gravel or stone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the top of feed bunks be above ground for small cattle?

    <p>46 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Milk Consumption and Dairy Industry Development

    • Per capita milk consumption in the country is only 78% of the recommended amount, which is 90 grams per day or 32.85 kg per year.
    • Actual consumption is significantly lower at 25.68 kg per year.
    • Milk consumption is directly related to income levels. The lowest income bracket consumes only 35% of the recommended amount.
    • The country faces challenges related to low milk production, high import costs, and reliance on other countries for milk.
    • Dairy industry development has the potential to address these challenges. Resources include a large cattle population, underutilized land suitable for fodder production, a favorable climate, and existing technological capabilities.
    • The government's approval of the Dairy Law indicates a commitment to developing the industry.

    Dairy Cattle Management Practices

    • Selection of milking animals should focus on traits such as milk yield, mothering ability, and growth rates.
    • Calves should be raised with the dam for a maximum of 3 days or separated at birth, ensuring the calf receives colostrum.
    • Calves should be identified with an earnotch or ear tag.
    • Calves should be grouped by age into five categories until they reach one year old.
    • Feed boxes for calves should be 25 cm wide x 15 cm deep, with two troughs per pen.
    • Water sources should be accessible and no more than 51 cm from the floor.

    Housing Requirements

    • There exist various housing designs for dairy cattle, ranging from backyard to semi-commercial setups.
    • Calf barn design should cater to day-old calves, ensuring adequate space and hygiene.
    • Elevated calf stalls provide a clean and safe environment for calves.
    • The provided diagrams demonstrate different types of housing designs and calf stall configurations.

    Dairy Industry Development Act of 1979

    • The Dairy Industry Development Act of 1979 was passed on March 21, 1979, aimed at developing the Philippine Dairy Industry.
    • The Act focuses on increasing local milk production to reduce dependence on imports.
    • The Philippines currently imports more than 95% of its milk supply, due to low local production.

    Dairy Cattle Breeding and Management

    • For small dairy farms, Artificial insemination is recommended over raising bulls.
    • Culling is essential for maintaining a productive herd.
      • Reasons for culling include:
        • Low milk yields: Below 8 kg per day in commercial farms.
        • Problem breeders: Cows with difficult pregnancies or low conception rates.
        • Poor dairy temperament: Vicious or hard-to-manage cows.
        • Vices: Sucking themselves or others, fence breaking, etc.
        • Health abnormalities: Contagious abortion, tuberculosis, or anatomical defects.

    Reproduction of Dairy Cattle

    • The estrus cycle in cattle typically occurs every 17 to 23 days, with an average of 21 days.
    • The estrus or "heat" period lasts for 8 to 30 hours, with an average of 19 hours.
    • Heifers typically reach sexual maturity at 6 to 8 months old.

    Management of Growing Dairy Cattle

    • Separate heifers from bulls at 6 months of age to avoid premature breeding.
    • Group growing heifers by size and age.
    • Provide pasture, shade, and shelter to protect from weather conditions.
    • Train each animal to lead by a halter.

    Management of Breeding Heifers

    • Breed heifers between 18 to 20 months old with a weight of at least ** 250 kg**.
    • Periodic pregnancy diagnosis is recommended.
    • Weigh heifers every month to monitor growth.
    • Provide minimum housing for breeding heifers.
    • Allow heifers to run with milking cows for a month before calving to get used to the routine.

    Management of Pregnant Dairy Cattle

    • Manage early pregnancy heifers with the other heifers.
    • Separate pregnant cows from heifers in the last two months of pregnancy and mix them with dry cows.
    • Provide increased care, attention, and nutrition for pregnant cows.
    • Allow grazing in clean pastures, free from hazards.
    • Avoid stress factors like long walks, running, fighting, or sudden loud noises.
    • House pregnant cows separately one week before calving.
    • Prepare a clean, dry bedding area (like rice straw or rice hulls).
    • Monitor for signs of calving:
      • Reduced appetite
      • Distended udder
      • Swelling and congestion of the vulva
      • Mucus discharge from the genitals
      • Frequent urination
      • Restlessness

    Management of Milking Cows

    • Emphasize training, kindness, and care for the milking herd.
    • Ensure regular feeding and milking schedules.
    • Key points for milking herd management:
      • Proper feeding and nutrition: Provide good quality forage as much as possible.
      • Keep cows clean: Brush off dirt and clip
      • Follow a milking routine to avoid stress on the cows.
      • Observe silence during milking.
      • Facilitate flushing of manure and urine with an inclined floor in the milking area.

    Housing for Dairy Cattle

    • Growing cattle:
      • Provide lot space based on climate and soil type:
        • Paved lot: 4.0 to 6.5 sq m/head
        • Paved and dirt lots: 7.0 to 9.0 sq m/head
        • Dirt lots: 9 to 14 sq m/head
      • Compact surface with stones or gravel around waterers, feed bunks, and entrances.
      • Slope: 2 to 5% for paved lots, 5% or more for dirt lots (adjust based on weather and soil).
      • Open sheds: 2 to 3 sq m/head for small cattle, 3 to 4 sq m/head for large cattle.
      • Artificial Shade: 2 sq m/head for small cattle, 3 sq m/head for large cattle.
      • Feed bunk height: 46 cm for small cattle, 61 cm for large cattle.
      • Feed bunk depth: 20 cm for grain, 20 to 30 cm for silage.
      • Feed bunk width: 46 cm for one-sided feeding, 91 to 122 cm for two-sided feeding.
      • Water: 10 to 15 gallons per day per cow.
      • Watering: Provide 30 cm of open water tank space for every 10 animals, or one automatic bowl per 25 animals.
    • Milking Herd:
      • Similar requirements as growing cattle for lot space, slope, and surface compaction.

    Dairy Cattle Breeds

    • Sahiwal: Reddish-brown with or without white markings. Quiet and docile. Heavy, symmetrical body with loose skin. Short, lean neck. Large, heavy dewlap. Massive hump in males. Average mature weight - 540 kg (Male) & 370 kg (Female). Average daily milk production - 8 kilograms. Average butterfat - 4.9%
    • Tharparkar: White and gray with a light gray stripe along the backbone. Color deepens when pregnant. Average mature weight - 540 kilograms (Male) & 385 kg (Female). Average daily milk production - 6 kilograms. Average butterfat - 4.3% to 6%.
    • Red Sindhi: Red varying from dark red to dun yellow. May have white specks but no white patches Average mature weight - 415 kg (Male) & 310 kg (Female). Average daily milk production - 6 kilograms. Average butterfat - 4.9%.

    Selection and Culling of Dairy Cattle

    • Selection emphasis:
      • Milk yield
      • Mothering ability
      • Growth rates
    • In the absence of records, rely on "educated judgement" and physical evaluation.

    Dairy Farms

    • Ideal pen dimensions:
      • Calves (individual) - 2.2 square meters
      • Calf pens (in series) - 1.8 meters wide x 1.3 meters long
      • Older calves (group - no outside run) - 3 square meters/calf
    • Feed boxes for individual pens or tie stalls: 20 x 25 x 15 centimeters deep.

    Transporting Dairy Cattle

    • Transport animals in thoroughly cleaned and disinfected trucks.

    Quarantine

    • Quarantine all purchased animals for at least 30 days, preferably 60 days.
    • Add to the herd only after release from isolation by a veterinarian.
    • Ensure the animals are free of communicable diseases, internal and external parasites.

    Internal and External Parasite Control

    • Segregate animals by age groups.
    • Do not graze calves and adults in the same pasture.
    • Avoid overstocking pastures.
    • Implement pasture rotation.
    • Conduct periodic examinations for parasites as suggested by a veterinarian.

    Genital Disease Control

    • Recommended practices:
      • Artificial insemination to control reproductive diseases. Use disease-free bull semen.
      • For natural breeding:
        • Breed virgin heifers to clean young bulls.
        • Carefully check breeding records of the herd of origin.
        • Use bulls released from isolation as recommended by a veterinarian.
      • Rebreed aborting cows artificially.
      • Avoid using multiple bulls on hard breeding cows to prevent disease spread.
      • Contact a veterinarian immediately if herd-wide issues arise.

    Mastitis Control

    • Critical steps:
      • Implement recommended management procedures.
      • Follow recommended milking practices.
      • Utilize proper diagnosis with physical examinations, bacteriological examinations, and other tests as advised by a veterinarian.
      • Treatment selection based on veterinarian's diagnosis and administered according to their instructions.
      • Withhold milk from treated quarters for at least 72 hours after the last treatment.
      • Do not use any abnormal milk for human consumption.

    Dairy Industry Development

    • Milk consumption in the country is below the recommended amount, with the lowest income bracket consuming only 35% of the recommendation.
    • Milk production is low, and the country relies heavily on imports, contributing to the high cost of milk.
    • There is potential to develop the dairy industry with the availability of resources like cattle, land, climate, and technology.
    • Existing milk collection systems are in place by government agencies and private entities.
    • Government support for the dairy industry is evident with the approval of the Dairy Law.

    Breeding Practices

    • Inbreeding is the mating of closely related animals to increase the chances of offspring inheriting desirable traits from both parents.
    • Grading Up involves mating a purebred sire to a native or grade female to improve the genetic makeup of the offspring.
    • Crossbreeding involves mating animals from different breeds to take advantage of desirable traits from both breeds.

    Artificial Insemination (AI)

    • AI offers various advantages, including access to top-quality semen, reduced risk of injuries to cows, extension of the use of proven sires, and control of venereal diseases.
    • Government and private agencies offer AI services and maintain breeding centers nationwide.

    Dairy Calf Management

    • Calves should be grouped based on their age and feeding practices, with individual housing and feeding encouraged during the milk-feeding period.
    • Weaning from milk replacer should be done gradually, with calves kept in individual pens for a week after weaning.
    • Dehorning is essential for calf safety and can be done effectively using heated irons.

    Important Diseases in Dairy Cattle

    • Vibriosis: Caused by Vibrio fetus; characterized by repeat services and can be prevented by vaccine.
    • Brucellosis: Caused by Brucella abortus; characterized by abortions and can be prevented by vaccination.
    • Tuberculosis: Caused by Mycobacterium bovis; can be prevented by periodic testing and slaughter of reactors.
    • Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR): Caused by a virus; characterized by respiratory involvement, fever, and potential abortion. Can be prevented by vaccinations.
    • Bovine Viral Diarrhea: Caused by a virus; characterized by ulcers, vomiting, and diarrhea, can be prevented by pre-exposure vaccination.
    • Shipping Fever: Caused by bacteria and stress; characterized by respiratory involvement and fever. Can be prevented through vaccination and good hygiene.
    • Rabies: Caused by a virus; characterized by aggression, confusion, and paralysis. Can be prevented by vaccinating animals, dogs, and cats.
    • Sporadic Bovine Encephalomyelitis: Caused by a virus; characterized by fever, weakness, and in coordination. Can be treated symptomatically.
    • Viral Pappillomatosis: Caused by a virus; characterized by warts on the animal's body. Can be prevented by good sanitation practices.

    Housing and Equipment

    • Dairy housing should prioritize animal health, production, comfort, and ease of management.
    • Two main housing types include loose housing and stanchion barns.
    • Calf quarters should be easily cleaned and disinfected to minimize calf mortality.
    • Individual pens or tie stalls are recommended during the milk-feeding period.

    Disease Prevention and Treatment

    • Vaccination is recommended for several diseases to prevent outbreaks and protect animal health.
    • Treatment options vary depending on the disease and its severity.
    • Withholding periods are important for drugs used to ensure safe milk production for human consumption.

    Herd Bull

    • Bulls require high-quality roughage
    • Concentrates (14-16% CP) should be given daily, 2-4kg
    • Amount of concentrate depends on bull size and breeding frequency
    • Bulls should not be fattened

    Veal Calves

    • Veal calves are male animals fattened on milk or milk replacers
    • They receive no roughage or grain
    • Veal calves should weigh 80-100kg after 6-8 weeks of milk feeding
    • Liquid whole milk or milk replacer should be fed at 10% of body weight
    • 10kg of milk replacer is needed per kg of veal produced
    • 1.3kg of dry replacer produces 1kg of veal
    • Soy milk and skim milk can be used to raise veal calves
    • There is a limited and specialized market for veal calves

    Dairy Beef

    • Yearlings can be fattened in one year
    • They can gain 0.7-1kg a day, reaching 400-450kg slaughter weight
    • Faster weight gain is achieved with concentrates (1% of body weight)
    • Crop residue silage (sugarcane tops, pineapple pulp) can provide roughage
    • Urea and molasses are often added to the ration
    • Calves can be fed individually or in groups
    • Momoiigan, Pedro Ocampo, Antonio Ordoveza, Bienvenido Ramin, Manuel Rocha, and Edwin Villar are all listed as members of various organizations related to dairy and animal science in the Philippines.

    Dairy Industry Development Act of 1979

    • The Dairy Industry Development Act of 1979 was signed into law on March 21, 1979.
    • The Act aims to increase local milk production, reduce import dependence, and develop an indigenous dairy industry.
    • Local milk production constitutes less than 5% of domestic consumption.
    • In 1977, the cost of imported milk and dairy products reached $82 million.
    • Imports continue to drain the country's dollar reserves.
    • Milk is a nutritious food and malnutrition is a significant problem in the Philippines.

    Sahiwal Breed

    • Quiet and docile temperament
    • Reddish brown with or without white markings
    • Heavy symmetrical body with loose skin
    • Short and lean neck, large and heavy dewlap
    • Massive hump in males, which often falls to one side

    Tharparkar Breed

    • White and gray with a light gray stripe along the backbone
    • Color deepens when pregnant
    • Average mature weight: 540kg (male), 385kg (female)
    • Average daily milk production: 6kg (excluding suckling)
    • Butterfat content: 4.3-6%
    • Average lactation period: 268 days

    Red Sindhi Breed

    • Red color varying from dark red to dun yellow, with some white specks
    • No white patches
    • Average mature weight: 415kg (male), 310kg (female)
    • Average daily milk production: 6kg (excluding suckling)
    • Butterfat content: 4.9%
    • Average lactation period: 275 days

    Selection and Culling of Dairy Cattle

    • Selection should be based on records of individual animal, ancestors (pedigree), family, and physical evaluation.
    • Emphasis should be placed on traits like milk yield, mothering ability, and growth rates.
    • In the absence of records, selection should be based on "educated judgment."

    Growing Dairy Cattle

    • Lot space requirements vary depending on climate and soil type:
      • Paved lot: 4.0-6.5 sq m/head
      • Paved and dirt lots: 7.0-9.0 sq m/head
      • Dirt lots: 9-14 sq m/head
    • Provide a compacted surface with stones or gravel around waterers, feed bunks, roughage racks, and shed entrances.
    • Allow 2-5% slope in paved lots and 5% or more in dirt lots.
    • Open sheds for shelter are required in most climates.
    • Shelter space requirement: 2-3 sq m/head for small cattle, 3-4 sq m/head for large cattle.
    • Provide artificial shade in hot weather.
    • Artificial shade space requirement: 2 sq m/head for small cattle, 3 sq m/head for large cattle.
    • Feed bunk height: 46 cm for small cattle (up to 273 kg), 61 cm for large cattle.
    • Feed bunk depth: 20 cm for grains and concentrates, 20-30 cm for silage or cut forage.
    • If feeding from one side, 46 cm wide bunks for small cattle, 61 cm for large cattle.
    • If feeding from both sides, 91-122 cm wide bunks.
    • Feeder space requirements (linear centimeters):
      • Grain: 30 cm for small cattle, 46 cm for large cattle.
      • Roughage: 46 cm for small cattle, 61 cm for large cattle.
    • Provide 30 linear centimeters of open water tank for every 10 animals, or one automatic watering bowl for every 25 animals.

    Milking Herd

    • Build hard-surface lots with 2-5% slope.
    • In dirt lots, provide 5% or more slope.
    • Provide a compacted surface with stones or gravel around waterers, feed bunks, roughage racks, and shed entrances.

    Common Diseases of Dairy Cattle

    • Mastitis:
      • Causes: Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, and other bacteria.
      • Signs: Abnormal swelling of the udder and teats, fever, and off-feed.
      • Prevention: Use bacterin for precaution, teat dipping after milking, and dry cow treatment for infected quarters.
      • Treatment: Depends on the type of organism involved and sensitivity testing.
      • Withholding: Withhold milk for 96 hours after treatment and treated cows from slaughter for 30 days.
    • Cowpox:
      • Cause: Virus.
      • Signs: Sensitive teats and udder, presence of lesions or papules.
      • Prevention: Avoid bringing the virus in with herd replacements, do not use sponges to wash udder, use recommended teat dip after milking.
      • Treatment: Antibiotic ointment after milking to prevent secondary infection.
      • Withholding: None.
    • Johne's disease (Paratuberculosis):
      • Cause: Mycobacterium paratuberculosis.
      • Signs: Chronic diarrhea.
      • Prevention: No vaccine available, remove reactors, maintain hygienic program for calf raising, separate calves from adult herd.
      • Treatment: Symptomatic, no complete cure.
      • Withholding: None.

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    Explore the current state of milk consumption in your country, comparing it to recommended dietary amounts. This quiz also dives into the challenges and potential for dairy industry development, touching on government initiatives and best management practices for dairy cattle.

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