Cytokines: Introduction to Intercellular Signaling in Immunology
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Cytokines: Introduction to Intercellular Signaling in Immunology

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Questions and Answers

Which type of effect is described when cytokines bind to receptors on the cell that produced them?

  • Autocrine effect (correct)
  • Endocrine effect
  • Paracrine effect
  • Cytokine effect

    • In the context of cytokines, what is a paracrine effect?

  • Combination with PAMPs
  • Binding to receptors on the cell that produced them
  • Binding only to receptors on nearby cells (correct)
  • Effect on distant locations

    • Which molecules act through toll-like receptors and trigger cytokine release?

  • Antibodies
  • Receptors
  • Cytokines
  • PAMPs (correct)

    • What are the most important pathways that trigger cytokine release?

    <p>Combination of antigens with T and B cell receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of effect do cytokines have when they spread throughout the body and affect target cells in distant locations?

    <p>Endocrine effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cytokines from hormones in terms of their effects?

    <p>Cytokines have autocrine or paracrine effects, while hormones have endocrine effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the ability of a single cytokine to act on many different target cell types?

    <p>Pleiotropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In cytokine functions, what does the term 'redundancy' refer to?

    <p>Multiple cytokines acting on a single target cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when some cytokines work best when paired with other cytokines?

    <p>Synergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the impact of cytokines binding to receptors on target cells?

    <p>They affect cell behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cytokines differ from conventional hormones?

    <p>Cytokines affect multiple cell types, while hormones affect a single target cell type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transmission involves a mediator molecule diffusing through the extracellular fluid to the receiving cell?

    <p>Volume transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the most important molecular mediators known as cytokines?

    <p>Leukins, monokins, prostaglandins, and interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cytokine?

    <p>Prostaglandin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cells of the immune system communicate among each other using cytokines?

    <p>By releasing multiple different proteins to control immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between volume transmission and network transmission of intercellular signals?

    <p>Volume transmission involves mediator molecules diffusing, while network transmission involves direct cell contact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is a chemokine that acts on the brain to cause a fever?

    <p>CCL3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytokines?

    <p>Long-lived proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of interferon?

    <p>IFN-δ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is primarily produced by macrophages and T cells?

    <p>TNFα</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT true about interleukins?

    <p>They are primarily involved in antiviral activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is primarily involved in the maintenance of pregnancy?

    <p>IFN-α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine plays a critical role in inflammation and is also involved in fever, hematopoiesis, appetite control and acquired immunity?

    <p>IL-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is produced not only by activated macrophages but also by T and B cells, mast cells, vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes?

    <p>IL-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is produced by TNF-α and IL-12 synergistically and promotes IFN-γ production?

    <p>IFN-γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is produced by activated Th2 cells, mast cells and eosinophils and controls eosinophil production?

    <p>IL-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates inflammation, as well as T cell, NK cell, and macrophage function?

    <p>IL-10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is produced by T cells, B cells, NK cells, and mast cells and acts on B cells, T cells, macrophages, and mast cells, stimulating the growth and differentiation of B cells?

    <p>IL-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is produced by T cells, B cells, NK cells, and mast cells and acts on B cells, T cells, macrophages, and mast cells, stimulating the growth and differentiation of B cells?

    <p>IL-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is produced by Th1 cells and is required for the final maturation of B cells into plasma cells?

    <p>IL-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is produced by Th2 cells and is a potent stimulator of innate immunity?

    <p>IFN-γ</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is produced by Th2 cells and is a stem cell growth factor produced only by Th2 cells?

    <p>IL-9</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the distinguishing characteristics of cytokines?

    <p>Can have overlapping biological functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the nomenclature of interleukins?

    <p>Heterogeneous mixture with little in common except their name</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of interferons primarily have antiviral activity?

    <p>Type I interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do type III interferons, such as IFN-λ, primarily possess?

    <p>Immunoregulatory role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells secrete TNFs according to the text?

    <p>Macrophages and T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of TNF-α?

    <p>Immune regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is NOT a member of the TNF superfamily?

    <p>CXCL8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of chemokines in the immune system?

    <p>Leukocyte chemotaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cytokines are secreted by monocytes-macrophages?

    <p>Monokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of interleukins in the immune system?

    <p>Regulating interactions between lymphocytes and leucocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between volume transmission and network transmission of intercellular signals?

    <p>Volume transmission involves diffusion of a mediator molecule, while network transmission involves direct contact between two cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cytokines differ from conventional hormones regarding their target cell types?

    <p>Cytokines can affect many different cell types, while conventional hormones tend to affect a single target cell type.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells secrete multiple cytokines simultaneously?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sets cytokines apart from conventional hormones in their secretion by immune system cells?

    <p>Immune system cells secrete a single cytokine at a time, unlike conventional hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cytokine mentioned as an important molecular mediator?

    <p>Leptins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the direct contact method of network transmission among cells?

    <p>Two cells use complementary receptors to transmit signals to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term that describes the ability of many different cytokines to act on a single target cell?

    <p>Redundancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytokines?

    <p>Endocrine effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the ability of a single cytokine to act on many different target cell types, inducing different responses in each one?

    <p>Pleiotropy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when some cytokines work best when paired with other cytokines?

    <p>Synergy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is produced by Th2 cells and is a potent stimulator of innate immunity?

    <p>IL-4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a pathway that triggers cytokine release?

    <p>The combination of antigens with Fc receptors on T and B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cytokine effect?

    <p>Intracrine effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT act through toll-like receptors and trigger cytokine release?

    <p>Toll-like receptors (TLRs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of cytokines?

    <p>They bind to receptors on the nucleus of the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of cell that produces cytokines?

    <p>Nerve cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cytokines Introduction

    • Cytokines are molecular mediators that control immune responses by communicating among cells
    • The immune system forms complex networks involving many different cell types, each sending and receiving multiple messages from many different sources
    • Intercellular signals are transmitted in two general ways: volume transmission and network transmission

    Cytokine Functions

    • Cytokines affect cell behavior, inducing cell division, differentiation, or stimulating the production of new proteins
    • Cytokines can inhibit cell division, differentiation, or new protein synthesis
    • Most cytokines act on many different target cell types, inducing different responses in each one (pleiotropy)
    • Many different cytokines may act on a single target, a feature known as redundancy
    • Cytokines can work in synergy with other cytokines to produce an effect

    Cytokine Nomenclature

    • The nomenclature and classification of cytokines is not based on any systematic relationship among these proteins
    • Cytokines were originally named after their cell of origin or the bioassay used to identify them
    • Interleukins are cytokines that mediate signaling between lymphocytes and other leukocytes
    • There are 39 different numbered interleukins, each with different functions
    • Interferons are cytokines produced in response to virus infection or immune stimulation and have antiviral activity

    Properties of Cytokines

    • Cytokines are short-lived proteins
    • Cytokines have highly diverse structures and receptors
    • Cytokines can act locally and/or systemically
    • Cytokines are pleiotropic, affecting many different cells
    • Cytokines are redundant, exhibiting biologically overlapping functions
    • Cytokines are carefully regulated and can be toxic in high doses

    Cytokines Produced by Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

    • Macrophages produce IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-α
    • IL-1 plays a critical role in inflammation, fever, hematopoiesis, appetite control, and acquired immunity
    • IL-6 is produced by activated macrophages, T cells, B cells, mast cells, vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes
    • IL-12 promotes Th1 cell activity and enhances T and NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity
    • IL-18 acts on Th1 cells to promote the production of IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-1, and several chemokines
    • TNF-α is a potent pro-inflammatory molecule that enhances the expression of adhesive molecules, promotes fibroblast proliferation and collagen production

    Cytokines Produced by T Cells

    • Th1 cells produce IL-2, TNF-γ, and IFN-γ
    • IL-2 activates helper and cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
    • IFN-γ stimulates B cell production of IgG and enhances T cell production of MHC class I molecules
    • Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13
    • IL-4 acts on B cells, T cells, macrophages, and mast cells, stimulating the growth and differentiation of B cells
    • IL-5 controls eosinophil production and stimulates the growth and differentiation of eosinophils
    • IL-10 is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates inflammation and T cell, NK cell, and macrophage function
    • IL-13 has similar effects to IL-4 on B cells and macrophages, stimulating their proliferation and increasing immunoglobulin secretion.

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    Description

    Learn about the complex networks involved in immunology where different cell types communicate through intercellular signals. Explore the two general ways of signal transmission: volume transmission and contact-dependent signaling.

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