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Questions and Answers
Which type of effect is described when cytokines bind to receptors on the cell that produced them?
Which type of effect is described when cytokines bind to receptors on the cell that produced them?
In the context of cytokines, what is a paracrine effect?
In the context of cytokines, what is a paracrine effect?
Which molecules act through toll-like receptors and trigger cytokine release?
Which molecules act through toll-like receptors and trigger cytokine release?
What are the most important pathways that trigger cytokine release?
What are the most important pathways that trigger cytokine release?
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Which type of effect do cytokines have when they spread throughout the body and affect target cells in distant locations?
Which type of effect do cytokines have when they spread throughout the body and affect target cells in distant locations?
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What distinguishes cytokines from hormones in terms of their effects?
What distinguishes cytokines from hormones in terms of their effects?
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Which term describes the ability of a single cytokine to act on many different target cell types?
Which term describes the ability of a single cytokine to act on many different target cell types?
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In cytokine functions, what does the term 'redundancy' refer to?
In cytokine functions, what does the term 'redundancy' refer to?
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What is the process called when some cytokines work best when paired with other cytokines?
What is the process called when some cytokines work best when paired with other cytokines?
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Which statement best describes the impact of cytokines binding to receptors on target cells?
Which statement best describes the impact of cytokines binding to receptors on target cells?
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How do cytokines differ from conventional hormones?
How do cytokines differ from conventional hormones?
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Which type of transmission involves a mediator molecule diffusing through the extracellular fluid to the receiving cell?
Which type of transmission involves a mediator molecule diffusing through the extracellular fluid to the receiving cell?
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What are the most important molecular mediators known as cytokines?
What are the most important molecular mediators known as cytokines?
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Which of the following is NOT a cytokine?
Which of the following is NOT a cytokine?
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How do cells of the immune system communicate among each other using cytokines?
How do cells of the immune system communicate among each other using cytokines?
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What is the main difference between volume transmission and network transmission of intercellular signals?
What is the main difference between volume transmission and network transmission of intercellular signals?
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Which of the following cytokines is a chemokine that acts on the brain to cause a fever?
Which of the following cytokines is a chemokine that acts on the brain to cause a fever?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytokines?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytokines?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of interferon?
Which of the following is NOT a type of interferon?
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Which of the following cytokines is primarily produced by macrophages and T cells?
Which of the following cytokines is primarily produced by macrophages and T cells?
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Which of the following is NOT true about interleukins?
Which of the following is NOT true about interleukins?
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Which of the following cytokines is primarily involved in the maintenance of pregnancy?
Which of the following cytokines is primarily involved in the maintenance of pregnancy?
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Which cytokine plays a critical role in inflammation and is also involved in fever, hematopoiesis, appetite control and acquired immunity?
Which cytokine plays a critical role in inflammation and is also involved in fever, hematopoiesis, appetite control and acquired immunity?
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Which cytokine is produced not only by activated macrophages but also by T and B cells, mast cells, vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes?
Which cytokine is produced not only by activated macrophages but also by T and B cells, mast cells, vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes?
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Which cytokine is produced by TNF-α and IL-12 synergistically and promotes IFN-γ production?
Which cytokine is produced by TNF-α and IL-12 synergistically and promotes IFN-γ production?
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Which cytokine is produced by activated Th2 cells, mast cells and eosinophils and controls eosinophil production?
Which cytokine is produced by activated Th2 cells, mast cells and eosinophils and controls eosinophil production?
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Which cytokine is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates inflammation, as well as T cell, NK cell, and macrophage function?
Which cytokine is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates inflammation, as well as T cell, NK cell, and macrophage function?
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Which cytokine is produced by T cells, B cells, NK cells, and mast cells and acts on B cells, T cells, macrophages, and mast cells, stimulating the growth and differentiation of B cells?
Which cytokine is produced by T cells, B cells, NK cells, and mast cells and acts on B cells, T cells, macrophages, and mast cells, stimulating the growth and differentiation of B cells?
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Which cytokine is produced by T cells, B cells, NK cells, and mast cells and acts on B cells, T cells, macrophages, and mast cells, stimulating the growth and differentiation of B cells?
Which cytokine is produced by T cells, B cells, NK cells, and mast cells and acts on B cells, T cells, macrophages, and mast cells, stimulating the growth and differentiation of B cells?
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Which cytokine is produced by Th1 cells and is required for the final maturation of B cells into plasma cells?
Which cytokine is produced by Th1 cells and is required for the final maturation of B cells into plasma cells?
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Which cytokine is produced by Th2 cells and is a potent stimulator of innate immunity?
Which cytokine is produced by Th2 cells and is a potent stimulator of innate immunity?
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Which cytokine is produced by Th2 cells and is a stem cell growth factor produced only by Th2 cells?
Which cytokine is produced by Th2 cells and is a stem cell growth factor produced only by Th2 cells?
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What is one of the distinguishing characteristics of cytokines?
What is one of the distinguishing characteristics of cytokines?
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Which statement best describes the nomenclature of interleukins?
Which statement best describes the nomenclature of interleukins?
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Which type of interferons primarily have antiviral activity?
Which type of interferons primarily have antiviral activity?
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What do type III interferons, such as IFN-λ, primarily possess?
What do type III interferons, such as IFN-λ, primarily possess?
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Which cells secrete TNFs according to the text?
Which cells secrete TNFs according to the text?
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What is the primary function of TNF-α?
What is the primary function of TNF-α?
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Which of the following cytokines is NOT a member of the TNF superfamily?
Which of the following cytokines is NOT a member of the TNF superfamily?
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What is the function of chemokines in the immune system?
What is the function of chemokines in the immune system?
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Which type of cytokines are secreted by monocytes-macrophages?
Which type of cytokines are secreted by monocytes-macrophages?
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What is the primary function of interleukins in the immune system?
What is the primary function of interleukins in the immune system?
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What is the primary difference between volume transmission and network transmission of intercellular signals?
What is the primary difference between volume transmission and network transmission of intercellular signals?
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How do cytokines differ from conventional hormones regarding their target cell types?
How do cytokines differ from conventional hormones regarding their target cell types?
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Which type of cells secrete multiple cytokines simultaneously?
Which type of cells secrete multiple cytokines simultaneously?
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What sets cytokines apart from conventional hormones in their secretion by immune system cells?
What sets cytokines apart from conventional hormones in their secretion by immune system cells?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of cytokine mentioned as an important molecular mediator?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cytokine mentioned as an important molecular mediator?
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What characterizes the direct contact method of network transmission among cells?
What characterizes the direct contact method of network transmission among cells?
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What is the term that describes the ability of many different cytokines to act on a single target cell?
What is the term that describes the ability of many different cytokines to act on a single target cell?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytokines?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytokines?
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What term describes the ability of a single cytokine to act on many different target cell types, inducing different responses in each one?
What term describes the ability of a single cytokine to act on many different target cell types, inducing different responses in each one?
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What is the process called when some cytokines work best when paired with other cytokines?
What is the process called when some cytokines work best when paired with other cytokines?
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Which cytokine is produced by Th2 cells and is a potent stimulator of innate immunity?
Which cytokine is produced by Th2 cells and is a potent stimulator of innate immunity?
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Which of the following is NOT a pathway that triggers cytokine release?
Which of the following is NOT a pathway that triggers cytokine release?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of cytokine effect?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cytokine effect?
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Which of the following does NOT act through toll-like receptors and trigger cytokine release?
Which of the following does NOT act through toll-like receptors and trigger cytokine release?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of cytokines?
Which of the following is NOT a function of cytokines?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of cell that produces cytokines?
Which of the following is NOT a type of cell that produces cytokines?
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Study Notes
Cytokines Introduction
- Cytokines are molecular mediators that control immune responses by communicating among cells
- The immune system forms complex networks involving many different cell types, each sending and receiving multiple messages from many different sources
- Intercellular signals are transmitted in two general ways: volume transmission and network transmission
Cytokine Functions
- Cytokines affect cell behavior, inducing cell division, differentiation, or stimulating the production of new proteins
- Cytokines can inhibit cell division, differentiation, or new protein synthesis
- Most cytokines act on many different target cell types, inducing different responses in each one (pleiotropy)
- Many different cytokines may act on a single target, a feature known as redundancy
- Cytokines can work in synergy with other cytokines to produce an effect
Cytokine Nomenclature
- The nomenclature and classification of cytokines is not based on any systematic relationship among these proteins
- Cytokines were originally named after their cell of origin or the bioassay used to identify them
- Interleukins are cytokines that mediate signaling between lymphocytes and other leukocytes
- There are 39 different numbered interleukins, each with different functions
- Interferons are cytokines produced in response to virus infection or immune stimulation and have antiviral activity
Properties of Cytokines
- Cytokines are short-lived proteins
- Cytokines have highly diverse structures and receptors
- Cytokines can act locally and/or systemically
- Cytokines are pleiotropic, affecting many different cells
- Cytokines are redundant, exhibiting biologically overlapping functions
- Cytokines are carefully regulated and can be toxic in high doses
Cytokines Produced by Macrophages and Dendritic Cells
- Macrophages produce IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, and TNF-α
- IL-1 plays a critical role in inflammation, fever, hematopoiesis, appetite control, and acquired immunity
- IL-6 is produced by activated macrophages, T cells, B cells, mast cells, vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes
- IL-12 promotes Th1 cell activity and enhances T and NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity
- IL-18 acts on Th1 cells to promote the production of IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-1, and several chemokines
- TNF-α is a potent pro-inflammatory molecule that enhances the expression of adhesive molecules, promotes fibroblast proliferation and collagen production
Cytokines Produced by T Cells
- Th1 cells produce IL-2, TNF-γ, and IFN-γ
- IL-2 activates helper and cytotoxic T cells and NK cells
- IFN-γ stimulates B cell production of IgG and enhances T cell production of MHC class I molecules
- Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13
- IL-4 acts on B cells, T cells, macrophages, and mast cells, stimulating the growth and differentiation of B cells
- IL-5 controls eosinophil production and stimulates the growth and differentiation of eosinophils
- IL-10 is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates inflammation and T cell, NK cell, and macrophage function
- IL-13 has similar effects to IL-4 on B cells and macrophages, stimulating their proliferation and increasing immunoglobulin secretion.
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Description
Learn about the complex networks involved in immunology where different cell types communicate through intercellular signals. Explore the two general ways of signal transmission: volume transmission and contact-dependent signaling.
