58 Questions
Which type of effect is described when cytokines bind to receptors on the cell that produced them?
Autocrine effect
In the context of cytokines, what is a paracrine effect?
Binding only to receptors on nearby cells
Which molecules act through toll-like receptors and trigger cytokine release?
PAMPs
What are the most important pathways that trigger cytokine release?
Combination of antigens with T and B cell receptors
Which type of effect do cytokines have when they spread throughout the body and affect target cells in distant locations?
Endocrine effect
What distinguishes cytokines from hormones in terms of their effects?
Cytokines have autocrine or paracrine effects, while hormones have endocrine effects.
Which term describes the ability of a single cytokine to act on many different target cell types?
Pleiotropy
In cytokine functions, what does the term 'redundancy' refer to?
Multiple cytokines acting on a single target cell
What is the process called when some cytokines work best when paired with other cytokines?
Synergy
Which statement best describes the impact of cytokines binding to receptors on target cells?
They affect cell behavior.
How do cytokines differ from conventional hormones?
Cytokines affect multiple cell types, while hormones affect a single target cell type.
Which type of transmission involves a mediator molecule diffusing through the extracellular fluid to the receiving cell?
Volume transmission
What are the most important molecular mediators known as cytokines?
Leukins, monokins, prostaglandins, and interferons
Which of the following is NOT a cytokine?
Prostaglandin
How do cells of the immune system communicate among each other using cytokines?
By releasing multiple different proteins to control immune responses
What is the main difference between volume transmission and network transmission of intercellular signals?
Volume transmission involves mediator molecules diffusing, while network transmission involves direct cell contact.
Which of the following cytokines is a chemokine that acts on the brain to cause a fever?
CCL3
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytokines?
Long-lived proteins
Which of the following is NOT a type of interferon?
IFN-δ
Which of the following cytokines is primarily produced by macrophages and T cells?
TNFα
Which of the following is NOT true about interleukins?
They are primarily involved in antiviral activity
Which of the following cytokines is primarily involved in the maintenance of pregnancy?
IFN-α
Which cytokine plays a critical role in inflammation and is also involved in fever, hematopoiesis, appetite control and acquired immunity?
IL-1
Which cytokine is produced not only by activated macrophages but also by T and B cells, mast cells, vascular endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes?
IL-6
Which cytokine is produced by TNF-α and IL-12 synergistically and promotes IFN-γ production?
IFN-γ
Which cytokine is produced by activated Th2 cells, mast cells and eosinophils and controls eosinophil production?
IL-5
Which cytokine is an immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates inflammation, as well as T cell, NK cell, and macrophage function?
IL-10
Which cytokine is produced by T cells, B cells, NK cells, and mast cells and acts on B cells, T cells, macrophages, and mast cells, stimulating the growth and differentiation of B cells?
IL-4
Which cytokine is produced by T cells, B cells, NK cells, and mast cells and acts on B cells, T cells, macrophages, and mast cells, stimulating the growth and differentiation of B cells?
IL-4
Which cytokine is produced by Th1 cells and is required for the final maturation of B cells into plasma cells?
IL-6
Which cytokine is produced by Th2 cells and is a potent stimulator of innate immunity?
IFN-γ
Which cytokine is produced by Th2 cells and is a stem cell growth factor produced only by Th2 cells?
IL-9
What is one of the distinguishing characteristics of cytokines?
Can have overlapping biological functions
Which statement best describes the nomenclature of interleukins?
Heterogeneous mixture with little in common except their name
Which type of interferons primarily have antiviral activity?
Type I interferons
What do type III interferons, such as IFN-λ, primarily possess?
Immunoregulatory role
Which cells secrete TNFs according to the text?
Macrophages and T cells
What is the primary function of TNF-α?
Immune regulation
Which of the following cytokines is NOT a member of the TNF superfamily?
CXCL8
What is the function of chemokines in the immune system?
Leukocyte chemotaxis
Which type of cytokines are secreted by monocytes-macrophages?
Monokines
What is the primary function of interleukins in the immune system?
Regulating interactions between lymphocytes and leucocytes
What is the primary difference between volume transmission and network transmission of intercellular signals?
Volume transmission involves diffusion of a mediator molecule, while network transmission involves direct contact between two cells.
How do cytokines differ from conventional hormones regarding their target cell types?
Cytokines can affect many different cell types, while conventional hormones tend to affect a single target cell type.
Which type of cells secrete multiple cytokines simultaneously?
Macrophages
What sets cytokines apart from conventional hormones in their secretion by immune system cells?
Immune system cells secrete a single cytokine at a time, unlike conventional hormones.
Which of the following is NOT a type of cytokine mentioned as an important molecular mediator?
Leptins
What characterizes the direct contact method of network transmission among cells?
Two cells use complementary receptors to transmit signals to each other.
What is the term that describes the ability of many different cytokines to act on a single target cell?
Redundancy
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cytokines?
Endocrine effects
What term describes the ability of a single cytokine to act on many different target cell types, inducing different responses in each one?
Pleiotropy
What is the process called when some cytokines work best when paired with other cytokines?
Synergy
Which cytokine is produced by Th2 cells and is a potent stimulator of innate immunity?
IL-4
Which of the following is NOT a pathway that triggers cytokine release?
The combination of antigens with Fc receptors on T and B cells
Which of the following is NOT a type of cytokine effect?
Intracrine effect
Which of the following does NOT act through toll-like receptors and trigger cytokine release?
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
Which of the following is NOT a function of cytokines?
They bind to receptors on the nucleus of the cell
Which of the following is NOT a type of cell that produces cytokines?
Nerve cells
Learn about the complex networks involved in immunology where different cell types communicate through intercellular signals. Explore the two general ways of signal transmission: volume transmission and contact-dependent signaling.
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