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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of cytokines in the body?
What is the primary function of cytokines in the body?
Which type of cytokine is released by virus-infected cells and involved in immunoregulation?
Which type of cytokine is released by virus-infected cells and involved in immunoregulation?
What is the term for cytokines that have a similar effect on the target cell?
What is the term for cytokines that have a similar effect on the target cell?
What is the characteristic of cytokines in which they can act on different cells?
What is the characteristic of cytokines in which they can act on different cells?
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How are cytokines typically synthesized?
How are cytokines typically synthesized?
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What is the term for cytokines that increase chemotaxis?
What is the term for cytokines that increase chemotaxis?
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How do cytokines typically interact with their target cells?
How do cytokines typically interact with their target cells?
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What is the term for the effect of cytokines on cells in their immediate surroundings?
What is the term for the effect of cytokines on cells in their immediate surroundings?
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What is the primary function of Interleukin-3?
What is the primary function of Interleukin-3?
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Which of the following cytokines is not formed by the Th2 subset of helper T-lymphocytes?
Which of the following cytokines is not formed by the Th2 subset of helper T-lymphocytes?
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What is the primary function of Interleukin-8?
What is the primary function of Interleukin-8?
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What is the main stimulus that initiates the synthesis and release of TNF?
What is the main stimulus that initiates the synthesis and release of TNF?
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What is the role of Interleukin-4?
What is the role of Interleukin-4?
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Which of the following is synthesized by cells in the bone marrow stroma?
Which of the following is synthesized by cells in the bone marrow stroma?
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Which of the following is a T cell growth factor?
Which of the following is a T cell growth factor?
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What is the effect of TNF-α on vascular permeability?
What is the effect of TNF-α on vascular permeability?
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What is Interleukin-6 involved in?
What is Interleukin-6 involved in?
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Which type of cells release TNF-β?
Which type of cells release TNF-β?
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What is the effect of TNF-α on fever?
What is the effect of TNF-α on fever?
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What is the effect of Interleukin-1 on T and B-lymphocytes?
What is the effect of Interleukin-1 on T and B-lymphocytes?
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Which of the following is a proinflammatory cytokine?
Which of the following is a proinflammatory cytokine?
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What is the primary function of cytokines in adaptive immunity?
What is the primary function of cytokines in adaptive immunity?
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What is the effect of TNF-α on the synthesis of acute phase reactants?
What is the effect of TNF-α on the synthesis of acute phase reactants?
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Which of the following cytokines is NOT involved in natural immunity?
Which of the following cytokines is NOT involved in natural immunity?
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What is the effect of TNF on cancer cells?
What is the effect of TNF on cancer cells?
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Which of the following cytokines is a stimulant of hematopoiesis?
Which of the following cytokines is a stimulant of hematopoiesis?
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What is the primary source of cytokines in natural immunity?
What is the primary source of cytokines in natural immunity?
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What is the role of Th1 lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?
What is the role of Th1 lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?
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Which of the following is a granuloma-forming cytokine?
Which of the following is a granuloma-forming cytokine?
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What is the effect of TNF on acute inflammation?
What is the effect of TNF on acute inflammation?
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What is the effect of IL-10 on IFN-γ production in TH1?
What is the effect of IL-10 on IFN-γ production in TH1?
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Which cytokine is responsible for the synergistic effect with IL-2?
Which cytokine is responsible for the synergistic effect with IL-2?
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What is the effect of IL-13 on airway response to allergens in asthma?
What is the effect of IL-13 on airway response to allergens in asthma?
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What is the effect of IL-18 on sepsis, especially in gram-positive infections?
What is the effect of IL-18 on sepsis, especially in gram-positive infections?
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What is the main function of Type 1 Interferons?
What is the main function of Type 1 Interferons?
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What is the effect of IFN-α on macrophages?
What is the effect of IFN-α on macrophages?
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What is the effect of IFN-β on NK cells?
What is the effect of IFN-β on NK cells?
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What is the effect of IFN-γ on TH1 lymphocyte and NK cells?
What is the effect of IFN-γ on TH1 lymphocyte and NK cells?
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Which cytokine promotes the proliferation of connective tissue cells and is important in wound healing?
Which cytokine promotes the proliferation of connective tissue cells and is important in wound healing?
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Which growth factor induces angiogenesis and is released from connective tissue and keratinocytes?
Which growth factor induces angiogenesis and is released from connective tissue and keratinocytes?
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Which cytokine is synthesized by platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes?
Which cytokine is synthesized by platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes?
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What is the effect of TGF-β on macrophage activity?
What is the effect of TGF-β on macrophage activity?
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Which growth factor is responsible for growth and development in fetal life?
Which growth factor is responsible for growth and development in fetal life?
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What is the function of CSFs in the body?
What is the function of CSFs in the body?
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Which growth factor is involved in the initiation of collagen synthesis and the healing process?
Which growth factor is involved in the initiation of collagen synthesis and the healing process?
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What is the effect of PDGF on fibroblast and smooth muscle proliferation?
What is the effect of PDGF on fibroblast and smooth muscle proliferation?
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Which cytokine is involved in the differentiation and development of erythroid precursor cells?
Which cytokine is involved in the differentiation and development of erythroid precursor cells?
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What is the effect of EGF on keratinocytes and fibroblasts?
What is the effect of EGF on keratinocytes and fibroblasts?
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Study Notes
Definition of Cytokines
- Low molecular weight, soluble protein or glycoprotein molecules that play a role in regulating immune response, inflammation, and hematopoiesis, serving as chemical messengers.
- Also involved in mitosis, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and oncogenesis.
Classification of Cytokines
- Interleukins: Released by leukocytes and affecting other leukocytes.
- Interferons: Released from virus-infected cells and involved in immunoregulation.
- Chemokines: Increase chemotaxis.
- Colony Stimulating Factors: Ensure differentiation and proliferation of stem cells.
Common Features of Cytokines
- Produced primarily by T-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages.
- Pleiotropic molecules (can act on different cells).
- May have redundant effects (similar effects on target cells).
- Can be multifunctional and perform the same function as other cytokines.
- Not stored, synthesized as a result of gene transcription.
- Target cells have specific receptors.
- Effects can be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic to each other.
Mechanisms of Impact
- Cytokines act by binding to receptors on the cell membrane.
- Intracellular effects occur through two ways:
- Tyrosine kinase activation (Janus kinase or JAK).
- Phospholipase C activation.
Classification of Cytokines by Function
- Cytokines responsible for natural (nonspecific) immunity: TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferons.
- Cytokines responsible for specific (adaptive) immunity: IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferons.
- Cytokines that stimulate hematopoiesis: CSFs, IL-3, IL-7.
Cytokines in Natural Immunity
- Involved in early inflammatory response.
- Primarily synthesized by cells of the monocyte/macrophage series.
- Warnings for synthesis: bacterial endotoxins, teichoic acid, peptidoglycan monomers.
Cytokines in Adaptive Immunity
- Formed by T-lymphocytes recognizing a particular antigen.
- Induce proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in response to antigen recognition.
- Examples: IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN- γ.
Stimulants of Hematopoiesis
- Produced by bone marrow stroma cells and leukocytes.
- Exert growth and differentiation effects on leukocyte precursors.
- Examples: stem factor, IL-3, IL-7, IL-9, GM-CSF.
Classification of Cytokines by Function
- Proinflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, β, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-γ.
- Anti-inflammatory cytokines: TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13.
- Granuloma-forming cytokines: IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF.
- Cytokines that stimulate Natural Killer cells: IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, IFN-γ.
Definition of Cytokines
- Low molecular weight, soluble proteins or glycoprotein molecules
- Play a role in regulating immune response, inflammation, and hematopoiesis
- Serve as chemical messengers
- Involved in mitosis, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and oncogenesis
Types of Cytokines
- Interleukins: released by leukocytes, affect other leukocytes
- Interferons: released from virus-infected cells, involved in immunoregulation
- Chemokines: increase chemotaxis
- Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs): ensure differentiation and proliferation of stem cells
Common Features of Cytokines
- Produced primarily by T-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages
- Pleiotropic molecules (act on different cells)
- Redundant effect: multiple cytokines have a similar effect on target cells
- Multifunctional: different cytokines can perform the same function
- Not stored, synthesized as a result of gene transcription in a short time
- Target cells have specific receptors
- Effects can be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic to each other
Mechanisms of Impact
- Act by binding to receptors on the cell membrane
- Intracellular effects occur through two ways: tyrosine kinase activation and phospholipase C activation
Classification of Cytokines
- Cytokines responsible for natural (non-specific) immunity: TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferons
- Cytokines responsible for specific (adaptive) immunity: IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferons
- Cytokines that stimulate hematopoiesis: CSFs, IL-3, IL-7
Cytokines in Natural Immunity
- Involved in early inflammatory response
- Primarily synthesized by cells of the monocyte/macrophage series
- Warnings for their synthesis: bacterial endotoxins (LPS, teichoic acid, peptidoglycan monomers)
Cytokines in Adaptive Immunity
- Formed by T-lymphocytes that recognize a particular antigen
- Induce proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in response to recognition of a specific antigen
- Examples: IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ
- Th1 lymphocytes induce cellular immunity and proinflammation, Th2 lymphocytes induce humoral immunity and anti-inflammatory mechanisms
Stimulants of Hematopoiesis
- Produced by bone marrow stroma cells and leukocytes
- Exert growth and differentiation effects on leukocyte precursors
- Examples: stem factor, IL-3, IL-7, IL-9, GM-CSF
Classification of Cytokines based on Function
- Proinflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, β, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-γ
- Anti-inflammatory cytokines: TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13
- Granuloma-forming cytokines: IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF
- Cytokines that stimulate Killer Natural: IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, IFN-γ
TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)
- Polypeptide cytokine with roles in innate immunity, cell regulation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis
- Primary mediator of acute inflammation, along with IL-1 and 6
- T lymphocyte proliferation, helper and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation
IL-3, IL-7 (Cytokines Stimulating Hematopoiesis)
- IL-3: promotes proliferation of pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow
- IL-7: induces proliferation and differentiation of immature T and B lymphocytes in the bone marrow
IL-4, IL-5
- IL-4: anti-inflammatory cytokine, induces conversion to TH2, B lymphocyte proliferation factor, IgG1, IgE production
- IL-5: growth factor for eosinophils, B lymphocyte plasmocyte differentiation factor, IgA production
IL-6
- Synthesized by mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts
- Primer stimulating the synthesis of acute phase reactants in the liver cytokine
- B lymphocyte differentiation, acute phase protein synthesis, and adhesion
- Both anti and pro-inflammatory cytokine, reduction of TNF-α and IL-1 activity
Chemokines (IL-8, MCP, MIP)
- Chemotaxis and migration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation
- Synthesized by leukocytes, epithelial and endothelial cells, and fibroblasts
IL-10, IL-12, IL-13
- IL-10: anti-inflammatory cytokine, inhibition of IFN-γ production in TH1, inhibition of MHC class II production in macrophage
- IL-12: proinflammatory cytokine, stimulation of TH1 lymphocyte transformation, synergistic effect with IL-2
- IL-13: anti-inflammatory cytokine, excessive airway response to allergens in asthma
IL-15, IL-18
- IL-15: increases neutrophil phagocytosis
- IL-18: elevated in sepsis, especially in gram-positive infections
Interferons
- Type 1 Interferons: released from virus-infected cells, antiviral, regulate the activity of the immune system
- Type 2 Interferons: only IFN-γ, immunomodulatory effect
Growth Factors
- PDGF (Platelet Derived Growth Factor)
- FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor)
- EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor)
- Erythropoietin
- IGF (Insulin-like Growth Factor)
- VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)
CSF (Colony Stimulating Factors)
- G-CSF: Granulocytes-CSF
- M-CSF: Monocytes-CSF
- GM-CSF: effective against granulocytes and monocytes
- Synthesized by lymphocytes and macrophages
- Activate leukocyte colonies, increase adhesion, cytotoxicity, and phagocytosis ability of leukocytes
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Description
Learn about cytokines, low molecular weight protein molecules that regulate immune response, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. Discover their roles in cell differentiation, apoptosis, and oncogenesis.
