Cytokines in Immune Response
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of cytokines in the body?

  • To filter waste from the blood
  • To maintain blood pressure
  • To aid in the digestion of food
  • To regulate immune response and inflammation (correct)

    • Which type of cytokine is released by virus-infected cells and involved in immunoregulation?

  • Interferons (correct)
  • Chemokines
  • Colony Stimulating Factors
  • Interleukins

    • What is the term for cytokines that have a similar effect on the target cell?

  • Antagonistic effect
  • Synergistic effect
  • Redundant effect (correct)
  • Pleiotropic effect

    • What is the characteristic of cytokines in which they can act on different cells?

    <p>Pleiotropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are cytokines typically synthesized?

    <p>Through gene transcription</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for cytokines that increase chemotaxis?

    <p>Chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cytokines typically interact with their target cells?

    <p>Through ligand-receptor binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the effect of cytokines on cells in their immediate surroundings?

    <p>Paracrine effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Interleukin-3?

    <p>Promotes proliferation of pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is not formed by the Th2 subset of helper T-lymphocytes?

    <p>IL-6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Interleukin-8?

    <p>Chemoattractant for leukocytes to the site of inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main stimulus that initiates the synthesis and release of TNF?

    <p>Lipopolysaccharides produced by Gram-negative bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Interleukin-4?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory cytokine that induces conversion to TH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is synthesized by cells in the bone marrow stroma?

    <p>IL-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a T cell growth factor?

    <p>Interleukin-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TNF-α on vascular permeability?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Interleukin-6 involved in?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells release TNF-β?

    <p>T-lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TNF-α on fever?

    <p>It causes fever by acting on the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Interleukin-1 on T and B-lymphocytes?

    <p>It shows a mitogenic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a proinflammatory cytokine?

    <p>TNF-α</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytokines in adaptive immunity?

    <p>Induction of proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TNF-α on the synthesis of acute phase reactants?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is NOT involved in natural immunity?

    <p>IL-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TNF on cancer cells?

    <p>Induction of apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cytokines is a stimulant of hematopoiesis?

    <p>IL-7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of cytokines in natural immunity?

    <p>Cells of the monocyte/macrophage series</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Th1 lymphocytes in adaptive immunity?

    <p>Induction of cellular immunity and proinflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a granuloma-forming cytokine?

    <p>IL-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TNF on acute inflammation?

    <p>Stimulation of acute inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of IL-10 on IFN-γ production in TH1?

    <p>Inhibition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is responsible for the synergistic effect with IL-2?

    <p>IL-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of IL-13 on airway response to allergens in asthma?

    <p>Excessive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of IL-18 on sepsis, especially in gram-positive infections?

    <p>Elevated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Type 1 Interferons?

    <p>Antiviral effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of IFN-α on macrophages?

    <p>Activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of IFN-β on NK cells?

    <p>Activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of IFN-γ on TH1 lymphocyte and NK cells?

    <p>Formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine promotes the proliferation of connective tissue cells and is important in wound healing?

    <p>PDGF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factor induces angiogenesis and is released from connective tissue and keratinocytes?

    <p>FGF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is synthesized by platelets, macrophages, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes?

    <p>PDGF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TGF-β on macrophage activity?

    <p>Decreases macrophage activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factor is responsible for growth and development in fetal life?

    <p>IGF-2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of CSFs in the body?

    <p>Activate leukocyte colonies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factor is involved in the initiation of collagen synthesis and the healing process?

    <p>TGF-β</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of PDGF on fibroblast and smooth muscle proliferation?

    <p>Increases fibroblast and smooth muscle proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cytokine is involved in the differentiation and development of erythroid precursor cells?

    <p>Erythropoietin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of EGF on keratinocytes and fibroblasts?

    <p>Increases migration and proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Definition of Cytokines

    • Low molecular weight, soluble protein or glycoprotein molecules that play a role in regulating immune response, inflammation, and hematopoiesis, serving as chemical messengers.
    • Also involved in mitosis, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and oncogenesis.

    Classification of Cytokines

    • Interleukins: Released by leukocytes and affecting other leukocytes.
    • Interferons: Released from virus-infected cells and involved in immunoregulation.
    • Chemokines: Increase chemotaxis.
    • Colony Stimulating Factors: Ensure differentiation and proliferation of stem cells.

    Common Features of Cytokines

    • Produced primarily by T-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages.
    • Pleiotropic molecules (can act on different cells).
    • May have redundant effects (similar effects on target cells).
    • Can be multifunctional and perform the same function as other cytokines.
    • Not stored, synthesized as a result of gene transcription.
    • Target cells have specific receptors.
    • Effects can be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic to each other.

    Mechanisms of Impact

    • Cytokines act by binding to receptors on the cell membrane.
    • Intracellular effects occur through two ways:
      • Tyrosine kinase activation (Janus kinase or JAK).
      • Phospholipase C activation.

    Classification of Cytokines by Function

    • Cytokines responsible for natural (nonspecific) immunity: TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferons.
    • Cytokines responsible for specific (adaptive) immunity: IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferons.
    • Cytokines that stimulate hematopoiesis: CSFs, IL-3, IL-7.

    Cytokines in Natural Immunity

    • Involved in early inflammatory response.
    • Primarily synthesized by cells of the monocyte/macrophage series.
    • Warnings for synthesis: bacterial endotoxins, teichoic acid, peptidoglycan monomers.

    Cytokines in Adaptive Immunity

    • Formed by T-lymphocytes recognizing a particular antigen.
    • Induce proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in response to antigen recognition.
    • Examples: IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN- γ.

    Stimulants of Hematopoiesis

    • Produced by bone marrow stroma cells and leukocytes.
    • Exert growth and differentiation effects on leukocyte precursors.
    • Examples: stem factor, IL-3, IL-7, IL-9, GM-CSF.

    Classification of Cytokines by Function

    • Proinflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, β, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-γ.
    • Anti-inflammatory cytokines: TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13.
    • Granuloma-forming cytokines: IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF.
    • Cytokines that stimulate Natural Killer cells: IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, IFN-γ.

    Definition of Cytokines

    • Low molecular weight, soluble proteins or glycoprotein molecules
    • Play a role in regulating immune response, inflammation, and hematopoiesis
    • Serve as chemical messengers
    • Involved in mitosis, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and oncogenesis

    Types of Cytokines

    • Interleukins: released by leukocytes, affect other leukocytes
    • Interferons: released from virus-infected cells, involved in immunoregulation
    • Chemokines: increase chemotaxis
    • Colony Stimulating Factors (CSFs): ensure differentiation and proliferation of stem cells

    Common Features of Cytokines

    • Produced primarily by T-lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages
    • Pleiotropic molecules (act on different cells)
    • Redundant effect: multiple cytokines have a similar effect on target cells
    • Multifunctional: different cytokines can perform the same function
    • Not stored, synthesized as a result of gene transcription in a short time
    • Target cells have specific receptors
    • Effects can be additive, synergistic, or antagonistic to each other

    Mechanisms of Impact

    • Act by binding to receptors on the cell membrane
    • Intracellular effects occur through two ways: tyrosine kinase activation and phospholipase C activation

    Classification of Cytokines

    • Cytokines responsible for natural (non-specific) immunity: TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, interferons
    • Cytokines responsible for specific (adaptive) immunity: IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, interferons
    • Cytokines that stimulate hematopoiesis: CSFs, IL-3, IL-7

    Cytokines in Natural Immunity

    • Involved in early inflammatory response
    • Primarily synthesized by cells of the monocyte/macrophage series
    • Warnings for their synthesis: bacterial endotoxins (LPS, teichoic acid, peptidoglycan monomers)

    Cytokines in Adaptive Immunity

    • Formed by T-lymphocytes that recognize a particular antigen
    • Induce proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in response to recognition of a specific antigen
    • Examples: IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ
    • Th1 lymphocytes induce cellular immunity and proinflammation, Th2 lymphocytes induce humoral immunity and anti-inflammatory mechanisms

    Stimulants of Hematopoiesis

    • Produced by bone marrow stroma cells and leukocytes
    • Exert growth and differentiation effects on leukocyte precursors
    • Examples: stem factor, IL-3, IL-7, IL-9, GM-CSF

    Classification of Cytokines based on Function

    • Proinflammatory cytokines: TNF-α, β, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, IFN-γ
    • Anti-inflammatory cytokines: TGF-β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13
    • Granuloma-forming cytokines: IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF
    • Cytokines that stimulate Killer Natural: IL-2, IL-12, IL-15, IFN-γ

    TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)

    • Polypeptide cytokine with roles in innate immunity, cell regulation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis
    • Primary mediator of acute inflammation, along with IL-1 and 6
    • T lymphocyte proliferation, helper and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation

    IL-3, IL-7 (Cytokines Stimulating Hematopoiesis)

    • IL-3: promotes proliferation of pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow
    • IL-7: induces proliferation and differentiation of immature T and B lymphocytes in the bone marrow

    IL-4, IL-5

    • IL-4: anti-inflammatory cytokine, induces conversion to TH2, B lymphocyte proliferation factor, IgG1, IgE production
    • IL-5: growth factor for eosinophils, B lymphocyte plasmocyte differentiation factor, IgA production

    IL-6

    • Synthesized by mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts
    • Primer stimulating the synthesis of acute phase reactants in the liver cytokine
    • B lymphocyte differentiation, acute phase protein synthesis, and adhesion
    • Both anti and pro-inflammatory cytokine, reduction of TNF-α and IL-1 activity

    Chemokines (IL-8, MCP, MIP)

    • Chemotaxis and migration of leukocytes to the site of inflammation
    • Synthesized by leukocytes, epithelial and endothelial cells, and fibroblasts

    IL-10, IL-12, IL-13

    • IL-10: anti-inflammatory cytokine, inhibition of IFN-γ production in TH1, inhibition of MHC class II production in macrophage
    • IL-12: proinflammatory cytokine, stimulation of TH1 lymphocyte transformation, synergistic effect with IL-2
    • IL-13: anti-inflammatory cytokine, excessive airway response to allergens in asthma

    IL-15, IL-18

    • IL-15: increases neutrophil phagocytosis
    • IL-18: elevated in sepsis, especially in gram-positive infections

    Interferons

    • Type 1 Interferons: released from virus-infected cells, antiviral, regulate the activity of the immune system
    • Type 2 Interferons: only IFN-γ, immunomodulatory effect

    Growth Factors

    • PDGF (Platelet Derived Growth Factor)
    • FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor)
    • EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor)
    • Erythropoietin
    • IGF (Insulin-like Growth Factor)
    • VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor)

    CSF (Colony Stimulating Factors)

    • G-CSF: Granulocytes-CSF
    • M-CSF: Monocytes-CSF
    • GM-CSF: effective against granulocytes and monocytes
    • Synthesized by lymphocytes and macrophages
    • Activate leukocyte colonies, increase adhesion, cytotoxicity, and phagocytosis ability of leukocytes

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