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Cytokines and T-Cell Differentiation
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Cytokines and T-Cell Differentiation

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?

  • To trap bacteria and fungi (correct)
  • To recognize and bind to bacteria
  • To trigger an inflammatory response
  • To stimulate the release of cytokines
  • Which cells are responsible for recognizing and taking up microbes through phagocytosis?

  • Dendritic cells
  • Macrophages (correct)
  • Neutrophils
  • T cells
  • What is the primary role of chemokines produced by activated macrophages?

  • To guide the movement of leukocytes into infected tissue (correct)
  • To stimulate the release of cytokines
  • To recognize and bind to bacteria
  • To trigger an inflammatory response
  • What is the result of cytokines produced by tissue macrophages at the site of infection?

    <p>The dilation of local small blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the four sequential steps in lymphocyte extravasation?

    <p>To allow leukocytes to cross the blood vessel and enter the infected tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of TNF-α being released into the blood by macrophages in the liver and spleen during a systemic infection?

    <p>multiple organ failure and frequent death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of TLR signaling in response to viral nucleic acids?

    <p>expression of antiviral interferons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of TNF-α release on small blood vessels in the body during a systemic infection?

    <p>shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the activation of NFκB by TLR signaling?

    <p>induction of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic sign of inflammation at the site of infection?

    <p>heat, pain, redness, and swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of cytokines in the immune system?

    <p>To coordinate immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells into different T-helper-cell subsets?

    <p>The presence of cytokines in the local environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the commensal gut microbiota affect immune function?

    <p>By having local and distant effects on immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which cytokine receptors transmit a signal into the cell?

    <p>Ligand binding to transmembrane proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in T-cell differentiation?

    <p>It is involved in the differentiation of naive CD4+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

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