Cytokines and T Cell Differentiation

A protein that transmits signals between cells, influencing immune cell development and function.

Proteins that bind to DNA and control gene expression, dictating the development of specific T helper cell types.

A type of T helper cell that produces IFN-γ and primarily targets intracellular pathogens like viruses and bacteria.

A type of T helper cell that produces IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and helps fight parasitic infections and allergic responses.

A type of T helper cell that secretes IL-17 and IL-22, promoting inflammation and aiding in the defense against fungal and bacterial infections.

A type of T helper cell that produces IL-21 and helps activate B cells to produce antibodies, aiding in humoral immunity.

A type of T helper cell that produces IL-10 and TGF-β, suppressing immune responses and maintaining immune tolerance to prevent autoimmunity.

A signaling pathway involving specific cytokines and transcription factors that ultimately leads to the differentiation of a particular T helper cell subset.

The process by which naive T cells develop into specific T helper cell subtypes, each with unique functions in the immune response.

The process of converting a signal from outside the cell, such as a cytokine, into a specific cellular response, involving transcription factors and gene expression.