Cytokines and Immune Responses

<p>A single cytokine triggers a sequential production of multiple cytokines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokine Families (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are involved in the systemic immune response. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases heat production and triggers vasoconstriction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An overactivated immune response to infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increasing vasodilation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in local tissue destruction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interfere with viral replication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TNF⍺ (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-2RƔ chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To activate intracellular signaling (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guide leukocytes to inflamed tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hematopoietic cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type II receptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-2R (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-10 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effector T cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They block HIV entry into cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To cause both local and systemic effects (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microbial products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activation of vascular endothelium and lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>TNF receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as chemical messengers in immune responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokines must bind to specific receptors on target cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-4 affecting nearby lymphocytes at an immune synapse. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions are all possible. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability of a single cytokine to act on multiple cell types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune diseases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokines can have both promoting and inhibiting effects on cancer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One cytokine influencing multiple, seemingly unrelated traits.

Multiple cytokines having similar effects.

Cytokines working together for a greater result.

One cytokine's effect blocking another's.

A sequence of cytokine actions, inducing further cytokine production.

Soluble peptides secreted by cells, mainly immune cells, acting as chemical messengers.

Cytokines bind to specific receptors on target cells, initiating a biological response.

A cytokine acts on the cell that secreted it.

A cytokine acts on nearby cells.

A cytokine acts throughout the body.

One cytokine can have multiple effects.

Cytokines are crucial for health (e.g., immunity, inflammation). They are also involved in disease (e.g., inflammation, cancer).

Specialized proteins that receive and respond to cytokine signals.

Cytokines that induce fever, like TNF and IL-6. They trigger the production of PGE2, a molecule that affects the hypothalamus to increase heat and vasoconstriction.

A life-threatening, systemic inflammatory condition caused by an overactive immune response to an infection.

A molecule produced in response to pyrogenic cytokines. It acts on the hypothalamus to increase heat production and vasoconstriction, contributing to fever.

Pyrogenic cytokines trigger PGE2 production, which then acts on the hypothalamus to increase body temperature. This is part of the body's response to infection.

Inflammation can lead to local tissue destruction which allows immune cells to access the affected area more easily.

Interleukins are a group of small proteins (cytokines) mainly produced by white blood cells (leukocytes) that mediate communication between cells of the immune system.

These are a large group of signaling proteins that stimulate the production and differentiation of blood cells, including some interleukins.

Interferons are cytokines primarily involved in fighting viral infections. They interfere with viral replication and also help activate immune cells.

TNF is a powerful cytokine primarily produced by immune cells like macrophages and T cells. It plays a major role in inflammation and can also kill tumor cells.

Chemokines are small signaling proteins that act as chemoattractants, guiding immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation.

The common Ɣ chain is a shared component of many class/type I cytokine receptors. It plays a critical role in signaling pathways for these receptors.

This is a severe immune deficiency disorder caused by a defect in the common Ɣ chain gene. It mainly affects males due to its X-linked inheritance.

Cytokine receptors bind to their specific ligands (cytokines) outside the cell. This binding triggers a signaling cascade inside the cell, leading to various cellular responses.

These receptors are characterized by conserved motifs in their extracellular domains and often share common signaling pathways. Examples include the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) which uses a common gamma chain with several other receptors.

These receptors primarily bind interferons, which are crucial for antiviral and immune responses.

These receptors are versatile and bind not only TNF itself but also other molecules, including those involved in immune activation (CD40) and cell death (FasL).

These specific chemokine receptors are particularly important as they are used by HIV-1 to enter human cells.

These include redness, swelling, heat, pain, and loss of function. They reflect the body's localized response to injury or infection.

Activated macrophages release pro-inflammatory cytokines which have both local and systemic effects, amplifying the inflammatory response.

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize microbial products and activate signaling pathways that lead to the release of cytokines, initiating immune responses.