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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of eosinophils in allergic reactions?
What is the primary role of eosinophils in allergic reactions?
- They release enzymes toxic to epithelial cells. (correct)
- They amplify and sustain the immune response.
- They decrease mucus secretion.
- They directly induce bronchial contraction.
Which mediator is primarily targeted by drugs used in treating allergies?
Which mediator is primarily targeted by drugs used in treating allergies?
- Eosinophils
- Leukotrienes
- Histamine (correct)
- Cytokines
What effect do leukotrienes have during an allergic reaction?
What effect do leukotrienes have during an allergic reaction?
- They cause vasodilation.
- They inhibit eosinophil activation.
- They reduce blood vessel permeability.
- They contribute to bronchial contraction. (correct)
What is a common symptom associated with an allergic reaction?
What is a common symptom associated with an allergic reaction?
What role do cytokine mediators play in hypersensitivity reactions?
What role do cytokine mediators play in hypersensitivity reactions?
Which substance released by activated eosinophils is known to damage epithelial cells?
Which substance released by activated eosinophils is known to damage epithelial cells?
How do prostaglandins contribute to allergic responses?
How do prostaglandins contribute to allergic responses?
What is one consequence of increased blood vessel permeability during an allergic reaction?
What is one consequence of increased blood vessel permeability during an allergic reaction?
What role do leukotrienes play in bronchial contractions?
What role do leukotrienes play in bronchial contractions?
Which of the following cytokines is primarily associated with enhancing Th2 responses in allergic reactions?
Which of the following cytokines is primarily associated with enhancing Th2 responses in allergic reactions?
Which of the following mediators is NOT typically classified as a cytokine in hypersensitivity reactions?
Which of the following mediators is NOT typically classified as a cytokine in hypersensitivity reactions?
What is a common treatment option for alleviating symptoms of allergic reactions?
What is a common treatment option for alleviating symptoms of allergic reactions?
What substance released by eosinophils can be found in the sputum of asthma patients?
What substance released by eosinophils can be found in the sputum of asthma patients?
How do eosinophils contribute to tissue damage in allergic responses?
How do eosinophils contribute to tissue damage in allergic responses?
Which of the following is a cytokine mediator involved in the rapid response phase of an immune reaction?
Which of the following is a cytokine mediator involved in the rapid response phase of an immune reaction?
What is the effect of GM-CSF in allergic responses?
What is the effect of GM-CSF in allergic responses?
What role do leukotrienes play during the rapid phase of an immune reaction?
What role do leukotrienes play during the rapid phase of an immune reaction?
How do prostaglandin D2 affect bronchial responses?
How do prostaglandin D2 affect bronchial responses?
Which cytokine is considered the most potent eosinophil-activating cytokine in delayed phase reactions?
Which cytokine is considered the most potent eosinophil-activating cytokine in delayed phase reactions?
What is the primary treatment approach for allergic reactions that involve delayed phase responses?
What is the primary treatment approach for allergic reactions that involve delayed phase responses?
Eosinophils play a critical role in which type of immune responses?
Eosinophils play a critical role in which type of immune responses?
In the context of allergic asthma, what is a common consequence of the release of histamine during the rapid phase?
In the context of allergic asthma, what is a common consequence of the release of histamine during the rapid phase?
Which of the following is NOT a cytokine mentioned as part of the delayed phase of immune response?
Which of the following is NOT a cytokine mentioned as part of the delayed phase of immune response?
What is the primary outcome associated with mast cell mediators during the rapid immune response?
What is the primary outcome associated with mast cell mediators during the rapid immune response?
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Study Notes
Cytokine Mediators in Immune Response
- Key cytokine mediators include TNF α, IL-1, IL-5, GM-CSF, and various chemokines.
- Eosinophils contribute to tissue damage through the release of proteolytic enzymes and proteins.
- Eosinophils and basophils play a role in activating mast cells.
Immune Reaction Response Phases
- Immune response consists of two phases: a rapid phase and a delayed phase.
Rapid Phase
- Occurs within 5-30 minutes after re-exposure to an antigen.
- Histamine is a central mediator, leading to bronchial smooth muscle contraction and increased vascular permeability.
- Leukotrienes contribute to vascular dilatation and fluid leakage.
- Prostaglandin D2 enhances mucous gland secretion.
- Charcot-Leyden crystals may be found in sputum of asthma patients, indicating eosinophil activation.
Delayed Phase
- Happens 2-12 hours after re-exposure to the antigen.
- Involves cytokines such as TNF, IL-5, and chemokines like eotaxin, which sustain the immune response.
- IL-5 is a potent eosinophil-activating cytokine, recruiting eosinophils and basophils to the affected area.
- Symptoms include edema (swelling) and urticaria (hives) due to increased vascular permeability.
- Eosinophils release toxic proteins that harm epithelial cells, exacerbating allergic reactions.
Treatment of Allergic Disorders
- Delayed phase symptoms often lead to significant issues in conditions like allergic asthma.
- Treatment strategies include broad-spectrum anti-inflammatory drugs, such as steroids, targeting the underlying inflammation rather than antihistamines, which primarily address immediate symptoms.
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