Cybersecurity Chapter 7: Remote Targeting
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Questions and Answers

What is the initial step in the wireless targeting process?

  • Compromising wireless client services
  • Attacking wireless access points
  • Identifying potential vulnerable clients
  • Wireless reconnaissance (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT a focus during remote presence reconnaissance?

  • Social media accounts of employees (correct)
  • Home address of targeted employees
  • Target organization’s policy on remote workers
  • Office location

    • What method can provide information from emails of the targeted employee?

  • Spear phishing employee’s colleagues
  • Directly phoning the employee
  • Targeting employee’s family members (correct)
  • Monitoring the employee's internet usage

    • Which wireless technologies are specifically important to target according to the content?

    <p>802.11b/g/n and 802.11a</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What features are important to consider when choosing a wireless network card?

    <p>Antenna supported and power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a directional antenna?

    <p>To facilitate point-to-point communication between two access points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended method to reduce signal loss when a longer distance is required?

    <p>Use a longer USB cable instead of a longer antenna cable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unit measures the power output of a wireless card?

    <p>Decibels-milliwatts (dBm) or watts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum output power for radios in the United States?

    <p>30 dBm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of changing the region setting on the wireless card?

    <p>It alters the maximum transmission power allowed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command is used to check the current power setting of a wireless card?

    <p>$ iwconfig wlan0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor influences the channels and features a wireless card can support?

    <p>The card and chipset selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which frequency range does the 802.11a standard operate?

    <p>5 GHz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential risk even in newer wireless technologies that might not use WEP?

    <p>They might be vulnerable to spoofed management traffic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key feature of a wireless antenna?

    <p>It improves both transmission and reception of RF signals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical price range for microcomputers like the Raspberry Pi?

    <p>$50 to $150</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antenna radiates signals in all directions?

    <p>Omnidirectional antenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gain from an antenna measured in?

    <p>Decibels isotropic (dBI)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Yagi antennas also known as?

    <p>Directional antennas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of omnidirectional antennas when performing malicious access point attacks?

    <p>They are the choice when the target location is unknown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wireless systems allow hackers to preserve their anonymity.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An attack should always start with compromising wireless clients before wireless networks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    USB wireless cards can connect to a wider variety of devices than PCMCIA cards.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most common modern wireless technologies operate on the 5 GHz spectrum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Targeting employees' family members can be a tactic used in social spear phishing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A directional antenna is mainly used for point-to-point connections.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Power output of wireless cards can only be measured in watts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Longer antenna cables have less signal loss compared to shorter cables.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum output power for radios in the United States is 30 dBm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Changing the region setting on a wireless card cannot affect its power output.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using a 6-dBi-gain antenna can increase the effective output power.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chipset of a wireless card does not influence the channels it can use.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 802.11a standard operates in the 2.4 GHz range.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All wireless technologies are immune to sniffing of unencrypted traffic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antennas improve both the transmission and reception of RF signals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Omnidirectional antennas radiate signals in a single direction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A Raspberry Pi can cost as low as $500.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Directional antennas are also referred to as Yagi antennas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gain provided by an antenna is measured in dB.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Devices supporting external antennas offer limited advantages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wireless reconnaissance is the first step in targeting wireless systems and vulnerabilities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A USB wireless card is restricted to connecting only to laptops.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    802.11a is the most commonly used wireless technology today.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Targeting family members of employees can be an effective strategy in social spear phishing.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The characteristics of a wireless card do not impact its performance in different wireless spectrums.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum output power of a wireless card in the United States is 20 dBm.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A directional antenna is typically used for point-to-multipoint connections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using a longer antenna cable tends to increase signal loss.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Power output of a wireless card can be influenced by the region setting of the card.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An external wireless card will usually come with a high-gain directional antenna.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Legal power limits for wireless transmissions vary by country.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gain from an antenna is typically measured in milliwatts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) protocol is commonly used in modern wireless technologies.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Omnidirectional antennas are used when the target's location is unknown.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A Raspberry Pi microcomputer can cost as much as $500.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gain from an antenna is measured in decibels pseudo-isotropic (dBPI).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Directional antennas are also called Yagi antennas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wireless antennas can only improve the transmission of radiofrequency (RF) signals, but not reception.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A wireless card that supports external antennas offers greater flexibility and performance.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of the 802.11a standard?

    <p>Operates in the 5 GHz range</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using a directional antenna?

    <p>Provides higher gain in a specific direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a potential vulnerability in newer wireless technologies?

    <p>They may still be susceptible to spoofed management traffic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common price range for good quality microcomputers such as the Raspberry Pi?

    <p>$50 - $150</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dBi measure in relation to antennas?

    <p>Gain of an antenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antenna is generally preferred for malicious access point attacks?

    <p>Omnidirectional antenna</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of using a longer cable from the antenna to the wireless radio?

    <p>It increases signal loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the effective output power of a wireless radio typically increased?

    <p>By adding a 6-dBi-gain antenna.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does an external antenna provide for a wireless card?

    <p>Enhances both transmission and reception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command is used to change the region setting of a wireless card?

    <p>$ iw reg set NX</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following options correctly identifies a characteristic of omnidirectional antennas?

    <p>They radiate signals in all directions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the power output of a wireless card typically indicate?

    <p>The transmission strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation on the power output of radios in different countries?

    <p>Legal regulations unique to each country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a wireless card influences the channels it can access?

    <p>The chipset of the wireless card.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the abbreviation dBm stand for in the context of wireless power output?

    <p>Decibel milliwatts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal during the wireless reconnaissance phase?

    <p>To identify target wireless networks and potential vulnerabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wireless standards should be prioritized when targeting wireless technologies?

    <p>802.11b/g/n and 802.11a.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of remote worker reconnaissance, which type of employee information is NOT relevant to gather?

    <p>Purchasing history from the employee’s personal accounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant reason for targeting employees' family members in social spear phishing?

    <p>They can provide indirect information through their communications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be a primary consideration when selecting a compatible wireless network card?

    <p>Types of devices it can connect to and antenna features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary focus during the wireless reconnaissance phase is to compromise wireless client services first.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using online services like Spokeo is an ineffective method for gathering information about targeted employees' home addresses.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most popular wireless technologies today include 802.11b/g/n, while 802.11a is considered obsolete.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An omnidirectional antenna radiates signals equally in all directions.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chipset type of a wireless card plays no role in determining the wireless standards it supports.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All modern wireless technologies are designed to completely eliminate the risk of unencrypted traffic sniffing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Low-priced microcomputers can typically cost more than $150.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Directional antennas can improve both transmission and reception of RF signals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Omnidirectional antennas are primarily used for targeted point-to-point communication.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gain provided by a wireless antenna is measured in decibels isotropic (dBI).

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All wireless antennas are designed to operate exclusively with internal connections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The regions setting of a wireless card can potentially allow for increased transmission strength beyond legal limits.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Yagi antennas are a type of omnidirectional antenna.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A directional antenna can effectively transmit signals in multiple directions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Using a longer USB cable instead of a longer antenna cable can help minimize signal loss.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum power output of a radio in the United States is primarily influenced by the type of antenna being used.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Omnidirectional antennas typically provide higher gain compared to directional antennas.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The iwconfig command can be used to check the current channel settings of a wireless card.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increased cable length from an antenna to a wireless radio always results in decreased signal strength.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical step if initial attempts to compromise wireless networks are unsuccessful?

    <p>Target wireless client services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information is important to gather during remote presence reconnaissance?

    <p>Publicly available information on target employees</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which wireless technology operates primarily on the 2.4 GHz spectrum?

    <p>802.11n</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consideration when selecting a wireless network card?

    <p>The need for wireless standards support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which order should attacks on wireless systems be performed for maximum effectiveness?

    <p>Reconnaissance, attack access points, then clients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical gain of an antenna that can increase the effective output power when added to a wireless radio?

    <p>6 dBi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which command sequence allows a user to change the transmission power on a wireless card to the maximum value in New Zealand?

    <p>$ ifconfig wlan0 down; $ iw reg set NZ; $ ifconfig wlan0 up; $ iwconfig wlan0 txpower 30</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which country has a maximum output power limit for wireless radios unique to it, typically measured in dBm?

    <p>United States</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The power output of a wireless card does NOT affect which of the following aspects?

    <p>Receiving strength of signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary drawback of using a longer antenna cable rather than a longer USB cable for wireless connections?

    <p>Greater signal loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of wireless cards, increasing the region setting to New Zealand may allow for what change?

    <p>Only an increase in transmission power</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect does the chipset of a wireless card significantly determine?

    <p>Supported channels and features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of using a directional antenna over an omnidirectional antenna?

    <p>It provides more focused signal transmission.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT important when considering a wireless network card’s antenna?

    <p>The aesthetic design of the antenna.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential security vulnerability in modern wireless technologies that do not implement WEP?

    <p>They may still experience vulnerabilities to spoofed traffic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of a Raspberry Pi microcomputer?

    <p>It supports a wide range of wireless protocols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'gain' of an antenna typically refer to?

    <p>The increase in signal strength measured in dBI.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antenna is most suitable when the target's location is unknown?

    <p>Omnidirectional antenna.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which price range do microcomputers such as the Raspberry Pi typically fall?

    <p>$50 to $150.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of unencrypted traffic in newer wireless technologies?

    <p>It can be easily intercepted.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 7: Phase III: Remote Targeting

    • Phase III of remote targeting focuses on identifying and targeting wireless systems.
    • This phase is crucial for maintaining anonymity criteria for Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs).
    • Wireless systems are ubiquitous, enabling stealth and anonymity.
    • Initial reconnaissance involves determining employee relationships for spear phishing attempts.

    Wireless Reconnaissance

    • Following the initial reconnaissance phase, wireless reconnaissance is the next step.
    • The goal is to compromise identified wireless networks by targeting key vulnerabilities.
    • If initial attempts to compromise the network fail, wireless client services become the target.

    Remote Presence Reconnaissance

    • Gathering information about targeted employees, especially remote ones, is vital.
    • This includes data from public resources, such as company policy on remote workers, home addresses (using online tools like Spokeo and Intelinus), office locations, and even lunch locations.

    Social Spear Phishing

    • Social engineering plays a role in this phase.
    • Targeting employee family members can yield valuable information from emails.
    • Compromising home systems can provide a pivotal point for attacking the employee's computer directly.

    Wireless Phases

    • Wireless systems are targeted in a specific order:
      • Wireless reconnaissance
      • Attack wireless access points
      • Attack wireless clients
    • Time constraints (e.g., 45 minutes in a coffee shop) may exist.
    • Even if the wireless network isn't vulnerable, clients at the location can still be targeted.

    Remote Edge Access Points

    • Remote access points (APs) receive configuration from a central wireless controller.
    • This centralized control is a key part of the target infrastructure.
    • Visualization: Illustrative diagram of headquarters, VPN, and remote office, connections between them, and the AP

    APT Wireless Tools

    • Beyond basic laptop and wireless network cards, specialized tools are beneficial.
    • Wireless network cards with specific features are important considerations.
      • Wireless standards supported
      • Antenna supported
      • Connection type
      • Power
      • Chipset type

    Wireless Technologies

    • Choosing the correct device connection type (e.g., PCMCIA, USB) is significant.
    • A few common options, such as Alfa and PRISM cards, facilitate connections and placement.
    • The 802.11b/g/n standards are important.
    • Newer technologies might have different WEP implementations.
    • Wireless spectrums should be targeted (e.g., 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz).

    Raspberry Pi Microcomputer

    • Low-cost microcomputers like the Raspberry Pi are suitable for this phase.
    • They offer features facilitating critical tools.

    Wireless Antennas

    • Antenna quality and the ability to use external antennas are crucial.
    • External antennas enhance both transmission and reception
    • Different antenna types exist (directional and omnidirectional)
    • Directional antennas are useful for specific targets.
    • Omnidirectional antennas offer broader coverage.

    Connection Type

    • "Rubber ducky" antennas are common, typically small with low gain.
    • Longer cables can introduce transmission loss.
    • Using USB cables rather than longer antenna cables may improve connections.

    Power

    • Maximum power output (e.g., dBm or watts) is limited based on legal country regulations.
    • Power output should match the wireless networking hardware requirements.
    • Kali commands provide information about power regulations.
    • Adapting to regional power profiles is essential for success.

    Chipset

    • Chipset and card specifications dictate available channels and features.
    • Popular Linux drivers (e.g., PRISM) support diverse applications.
    • Use the command (iw list) to check the card's capabilities.
    • Ensuring drivers support passive and monitor modes is important.

    Wireless Reconnaissance (Active)

    • Active wireless reconnaissance is performed to identify access points and networks.
    • Specific tools (Kismet, Airodump) are used for network enumeration.
    • This may require physical presence or proximity.
    • Beacon frames provide information about SSIDs and data rates, for example.
    • Important tools can include Android apps for mapping (such as wardrive or WiGLE WiFi Wardriving).

    Internet Wireless Reconnaissance

    • Basic information about wireless technologies is a starting point.
    • Includes WiFi, guest wireless, guest access, and guest internet, for instance.

    Active Wireless Recon Techniques

    • This phase involves two steps:

      • Identifying and mapping access points/networks
      • Identifying client devices.

    • Using tools in the Aircrack-ng suite is common.

    • Finding BSSID (basic service set identifiers) is important.

    • Tools include Kismet, Airodump, and Android applications for mapping wireless networks.

    • War driving is an active reconnaissance technique used when traditional methods are unsuitable or prohibited.

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    Related Documents

    Chapter 7 - Part 1 Remote Targeting - PDF

    Description

    Explore Phase III of remote targeting in cybersecurity with a focus on identifying and compromising wireless systems. This chapter outlines essential reconnaissance techniques, including employee profiling and the use of public resources. Understand the significance of maintaining anonymity in Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs).

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