Curriculum Theories and Philosophies Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of subject-centered curriculum?

Learner's interests

Integration of social activities

Problem-solving skills

Mastery of subject matter (correct)

Which type of curriculum is rooted in the study of social problems and activities?

Problem-centered (correct)

Standard-centered

Subject-centered

Learner-centered

Which aspect is emphasized in learner-centered curriculum?

Uniform educational standards

Individual learner growth (correct)

Lecture-based instruction

Fixed subject matter

What characteristic is typical of problem-centered curriculum?

Emphasis on problem-solving processes Signup and view all the answers

Where do the origins of subject-centered curriculum trace back to?

Olden times with the seven liberal arts Signup and view all the answers

What does the achieved curriculum reveal about students and schools?

Whether the students learned and if schools are successful. Signup and view all the answers

What defines the entitlement curriculum?

What society believes students should learn to be good citizens. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the hidden curriculum?

It involves skills and knowledge acquired through interactions in school. Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the implemented curriculum?

The way teachers actually deliver the curriculum in the classroom. Signup and view all the answers

What does the null or censored curriculum refer to?

Content that is excluded from classroom instruction. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Idealism in education?

Emphasis on mind and spirit of students Signup and view all the answers

How does Realism approach the organization of its curriculum?

Subject-centered, from simple to complex Signup and view all the answers

What guiding principle is associated with the Pragmatism philosophy in education?

Emphasis on direct experiences and activity Signup and view all the answers

In the Idealism philosophy, how are truth and values viewed?

As absolute, timeless and universal Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the aim of education according to Realism?

To provide objective knowledge derived from experiences Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'curriculum as content' refer to?

A series of topics under each subject area Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the 'ideal or recommended curriculum'?

It includes proposed curricular changes based on research. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of curriculum is officially recognized and prescribed by the government?

Intended, Official, or Written Curriculum Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'implemented curriculum' primarily consist of?

What teachers actually teach in schools Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes what students actually learn after completing a curriculum?

Achieved Curriculum or Learned Curriculum Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Academic Rationalist Conception of curriculum?

Focusing on different bodies of knowledge Signup and view all the answers

In the context of curriculum, what role does academic freedom play?

It allows faculty to innovate their teaching methods. Signup and view all the answers

Which principle of learning in operant conditioning emphasizes the sustaining of learned behaviors?

Refreezing Signup and view all the answers

In the learning process, what is the phase that involves identifying the forces supporting the need for change?

Problem diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of the 'curriculum as intended learning outcomes'?

A list of competencies or standards Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the official curriculum?

It includes alternative curriculum proposals. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the Humanistic Conception of curriculum?

It aims to develop the full potential of individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which teaching strategy is essential for a teacher according to the psychological foundations of curriculum development?

Knowledge of various teaching strategies Signup and view all the answers

What are the principles of learning in operant conditioning primarily centered around?

Reinforcement, consequences, and extinction Signup and view all the answers

The Cognitive Processes Conception aims to develop what in students?

Cognitive skills applicable to various problems Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal-setting phase in the learning process meant to achieve?

To explicitly state desired changes Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural traditions influence the curriculum?

They are part of the community stakeholder interests. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT influenced by laws regarding the curriculum?

Sociological values embedded in coursework. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of education during the Spanish rule?

Christian doctrine and moral values. Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines education during the Historical Foundations period?

Training was done primarily at home without organized education. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a curricular focus during American rule?

Civics and hygiene education. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant educational change during the New Society period?

The introduction of a bilingual education policy. Signup and view all the answers

Which curricular aspect was emphasized during the Commonwealth period?

Development of moral character and civic consciousness. Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary goal of education during the Japanese occupation?

Fostering a new culture based on the Asian identity. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of education was a characteristic of the pre-colonial period?

Methods based on suggestion and imitation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how moral values are reflected in the curriculum?

They are integrated into the curricular content based on sociological contexts. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The Teacher and the School Curriculum

Objectives include discussing the definition, principles, and concepts governing curriculum development
Another objective is analyzing curricula that shaped Philippine education.

Curriculum as a Concept

Curriculum encompasses all experiences children have under teacher guidance (Caswell and Campbell).
It also refers to experiences designed to foster self-realization through active participation in school (Shepherd & Ragan).
A curriculum is a learning plan encompassing strategies for achieving desired goals or ends (Tyler, Taba). It includes a set of learning opportunities for individuals, whereby learning objectives determine essential learning (G. Saylor).
Curriculum is structured with intended learning outcomes, including knowledge, skills, and values (Dewey).
Curriculum involves acquiring specific knowledge, skills, and values which teachers transmit to students to prepare them for adulthood (Scott and Gough). It is an organized set of formal education and/or training intentions (Pratt).
Curriculum is a field of study in itself with its own foundation, domains of knowledge, research, theories, and principles, and specialists to interpret this knowledge (Mc Neill, Schubert, and Tanners).
Curriculum can be a list of subjects, representing permanent or traditional subjects offered in schools (mathematics, language, science, music, arts, etc.).
Curriculum also includes learning experiences from curricular and co-curricular activities, encompassing those encountered both inside and outside the school environment. This includes hidden curriculum, encompassing things learned through student, peer, faculty, staff experiences, and school programs, essentially encompassing school culture.
Curriculum can also be viewed as a discipline with its own principles, theories, and practices or as subject matter, a series of topics under each subject area.
Curriculum can be seen as intended learning outcomes, a list of learning competencies or standards that students should learn in school. It can also be viewed as planned learning experiences encompassing documents that contain contents, objectives, or general ideas of what students should know in specific or general education disciplines.
Curriculum may be ideal or recommended, representing what scholars suggest as most appropriate for learners. Different organizations and universities often offer curriculum innovations.

Different Types of Curriculum

Intended, official, or written curriculum refers to officially approved state curriculum guides. Examples include Kindergarten Curriculum Standards, K-12 Curriculum, CHEd Curriculum for General Education (Memorandum Order No. 20, Series of 2013), and TESDA Modules and Competencies.
Implemented curriculum refers to the actual implementation of a curriculum, wherein teachers adapt and improve the curriculum based on student needs and current subject matters. Academic freedom among faculty may influence this.
Achieved curriculum relates to the result of what students actually learned in school; this reveals learner acquisition and educational success in achieving curriculum objectives.
Tested curriculum involves assessing learning through teacher-made classroom tests, curriculum-referenced tests, or standardized tests.
Entitlement curriculum pertains to what society expects learners to acquire in education to become good citizens.
Supported curriculum refers to the resources allocated for supporting, implementing, and developing an official curriculum.
Null or censored curriculum refers to contents and topics that are not to be taught to students.
Hidden curriculum refers to the various skills, knowledge, and attitudes students acquire through interacting with peers, staff, and faculty members in school. It significantly shapes school culture.

Major Types of Curriculum

Subject-centered curriculum focuses on mastery of subject matter, emphasizing well-structured content, amount to be covered, and a set of established standards. Learning sequences are in step-by-step patterns or lecture formats.
Learner-centered curriculum emphasizes all-around growth for all types of learners by tailoring subject matter based on specific learner needs and interests. Cooperative control from learners, parents, and teachers are included in this type of curriculum.
Problem-centered curriculum emphasizes problem-solving processes focused on social relations through life-situations, social problems, and activities.

Designs and Patterns of Subject-Centered Curriculum

Discipline design focuses on the unique methodologies scholars use to study specific subject matter.
Correlated design links separate subject matter to reduce fragmentation.
Broad field or interdisciplinary design encompasses broad subject matters.

Designs and Patterns of Learner-Centered Curriculum

Child-centered design anchors the curriculum on the specific needs and interests of the child.
Experience/Activity experiences of learners become the starting point of the curriculum.
Humanistic design emphasizes the development of self.

Designs and Patterns of Problem-Centered Curriculum

Life-situations design organizes curriculum content to enable learners to comprehend the issues related to specific problems.
Process-oriented design emphasizes personal attributes and skills in relation to self, others, and society.

Foundations of Curriculum

Philosophical Foundations: This looks at the underlying principles and beliefs impacting curriculum development and focuses on metaphysical, epistemological, logical, axiological, and other aspects.
Sociological Foundations: Curriculum is shaped by social factors and societal changes; the role of society, culture, and community is critical.
Historical Foundations: Curriculum evolves through time reflecting societal changes, educational philosophy, and educational objectives. It looks at the effects of laws, funding, policies, moral values, research interests, and cultural traditions.
Psychological Foundations: The nature of the learner and learning process in relation to curriculum development.

Curriculum Conceptions

Academic conception, considered the oldest, focuses on the importance of different established subject areas (knowledge and discipline).
Rationalist conception is closely tied to academic.
Cognitive conception involves developing a repertoire of cognitive abilities applicable in many intellectual situations; subject matter serves as instruments for developing skills.
Humanistic conception accentuates individual development, emphasizing individuals' unique identities, and focusing on individual needs and interests.
Social reconstructionist conception emphasizes the role of schools as agents for social change by responding to societal needs, problems, issues, and demands.
Technological conception is concerned with the development of methods, strategies, principles of teaching for achieving educational goals, involving a systems approach to examine school systems into constituent components.
Eclectic conception integrates multiple curriculum conceptions due to the influence of several considerations.

Elements of a Curriculum

Curriculum Intent is the direction of curriculum by developers. It includes aims, goals, and educational objectives.
Aims describe intended broad educational and social expectations.
Goals are more specific than aims focusing on concepts, skills, and values.
Objectives are specific learning outcomes for concepts, skills, and values.
Learning Experiences encompass various relevant instructional strategies, methods, and approaches for curriculum implementation and teaching content.
Evaluation encompasses tools and methods to assess whether curriculum intents are fulfilled and learner performance after engaging in the curriculum.

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Description

This quiz explores various curriculum theories including subject-centered, learner-centered, and problem-centered approaches. It delves into the characteristics, origins, and guiding principles associated with Idealism, Realism, and Pragmatism in education. Test your understanding of these fundamental educational concepts.