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In a study on the effects of viewing television violence on children's aggression, the level of movie violence shown to the children would be considered the _______ variable?
In a study on the effects of viewing television violence on children's aggression, the level of movie violence shown to the children would be considered the _______ variable?
In an experiment concerning the effects of time-out on noncompliant behavior, _____ is the independent variable?
In an experiment concerning the effects of time-out on noncompliant behavior, _____ is the independent variable?
In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, activity level is the _____ variable?
In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, activity level is the _____ variable?
Suppose you are experimenting with the effects of sleep deprivation on memory. In this case, sleep deprivation is a(n) ____ variable?
Suppose you are experimenting with the effects of sleep deprivation on memory. In this case, sleep deprivation is a(n) ____ variable?
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Which variable is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable?
Which variable is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable?
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What term refers to the relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable?
What term refers to the relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable?
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What is the dependent variable in an experiment?
What is the dependent variable in an experiment?
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Which of the following is an example of an appetitive stimulus?
Which of the following is an example of an appetitive stimulus?
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What does deprivation do to the appetitiveness of a stimulus?
What does deprivation do to the appetitiveness of a stimulus?
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What is contingency in the context of stimulus-response?
What is contingency in the context of stimulus-response?
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Which type of behavior is subjectively perceived and not publicly observable?
Which type of behavior is subjectively perceived and not publicly observable?
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How is behavior measured by the rate of response?
How is behavior measured by the rate of response?
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What is contiguity in the context of stimuli?
What is contiguity in the context of stimuli?
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What does satiation do to the appetitiveness of a stimulus?
What does satiation do to the appetitiveness of a stimulus?
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Which event creates a contingency between lever pressing and food presentation?
Which event creates a contingency between lever pressing and food presentation?
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What are events that an organism will seek out, mostly pleasant?
What are events that an organism will seek out, mostly pleasant?
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Which establishing operation affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus by prolonged absence of an event?
Which establishing operation affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus by prolonged absence of an event?
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What is the potential influencer of behavior?
What is the potential influencer of behavior?
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Which method of measurement is used to observe whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals?
Which method of measurement is used to observe whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals?
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What does a steep line in a cumulative record indicate?
What does a steep line in a cumulative record indicate?
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Which aspect of behavior refers to the force or magnitude of a behavior?
Which aspect of behavior refers to the force or magnitude of a behavior?
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What does a well-defined behavior have?
What does a well-defined behavior have?
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Which design involves implementing a new treatment and comparing it to the baseline?
Which design involves implementing a new treatment and comparing it to the baseline?
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What is the length of time required for a behavior to begin known as?
What is the length of time required for a behavior to begin known as?
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Which type of research methods involve manipulating variables to observe their effects on behavior?
Which type of research methods involve manipulating variables to observe their effects on behavior?
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What does the number of errors refer to in behavior measurement?
What does the number of errors refer to in behavior measurement?
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Which method is used to measure the total number of responses over time?
Which method is used to measure the total number of responses over time?
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In a reversal design, why is it necessary for the behavior to revert to its original baseline frequency when the treatment is withdrawn?
In a reversal design, why is it necessary for the behavior to revert to its original baseline frequency when the treatment is withdrawn?
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Why might it be ethically inappropriate to remove a treatment once some improvement has been obtained in a study?
Why might it be ethically inappropriate to remove a treatment once some improvement has been obtained in a study?
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When is a reversal design inappropriate for an experiment?
When is a reversal design inappropriate for an experiment?
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What is the advantage of using a multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design in an experiment?
What is the advantage of using a multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design in an experiment?
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What are two advantages of using animals in research, as mentioned in the text?
What are two advantages of using animals in research, as mentioned in the text?
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Why might some research not ethically be conducted with humans?
Why might some research not ethically be conducted with humans?
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What is the main disadvantage of a reversal design?
What is the main disadvantage of a reversal design?
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In what type of experiment is a reversal design inappropriate?
In what type of experiment is a reversal design inappropriate?
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What type of design involves applying a treatment at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors?
What type of design involves applying a treatment at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors?
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Study Notes
- The text discusses different methods used to measure and record various aspects of behavior, including duration, intensity, latency, topography, and number of errors.
- A well-defined behavior has a clear onset and offset. Examples include the number of cigarettes smoked per day, number of words written in an hour, and number of lever presses during a session.
- Cumulative recorders are used to measure the total number of responses over time. A flat line indicates no or slow responding, a steep line indicates fast responding, and a shallow line indicates moderate responding.
- Intensity is the force or magnitude of a behavior. More salivation indicates stronger conditioning, while the force with which a rat presses a lever to obtain food is also a measure of intensity.
- Latency is the length of time required for a behavior to begin. For example, how soon a dog begins salivating after hearing a tone or how quickly a musician begins playing a musical piece.
- Interval recording is the measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals. Not interested in how many responses occurred in each interval, only whether it occurred or not.
- Topography is the physical form of the behavior. Observing how a rat presses a lever with its left or right paw, or the exact manner in which a person lifts a weight.
- Number of errors refers to the number of mistakes or wrong turns made before reaching a goal.
- Descriptive research methods are used to observe behavior without manipulating variables. Naturalistic observations and case studies are examples.
- Experimental research methods involve manipulating variables to observe their effects on behavior. Control group designs and single-subject designs are examples.
- Reversal (ABA or ABAB) design involves implementing a new treatment and comparing it to the baseline.
- Simple-Comparison (AB) design compares behavior in a baseline condition to behavior in a treatment condition.
- Reversal (ABCAC) design involves multiple treatments and observing the effects of each one.
- Descriptive research methods are susceptible to researcher bias and cannot determine cause and effect relationships. Results are also limited as they cannot be generalized to other people, places, and times.
- Experimental research methods are distinguished by the manipulation of variables and can provide stronger evidence of cause and effect relationships. However, they can also be more complex and time-consuming to conduct.
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Description
Test your knowledge of cumulative recorders and the measurement of duration in behavioral psychology. This quiz covers topics such as recording methods and the interpretation of cumulative recorder data.
