Podcast
Questions and Answers
In a study on the effects of viewing television violence on children's aggression, the level of movie violence shown to the children would be considered the _______ variable?
In a study on the effects of viewing television violence on children's aggression, the level of movie violence shown to the children would be considered the _______ variable?
- Independent (correct)
- Control
- Extraneous
- Dependent
In an experiment concerning the effects of time-out on noncompliant behavior, _____ is the independent variable?
In an experiment concerning the effects of time-out on noncompliant behavior, _____ is the independent variable?
- Noncompliant behavior
- Time-out (correct)
- Control group
- Extraneous variable
In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, activity level is the _____ variable?
In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, activity level is the _____ variable?
- Independent
- Extraneous
- Dependent (correct)
- Control
Suppose you are experimenting with the effects of sleep deprivation on memory. In this case, sleep deprivation is a(n) ____ variable?
Suppose you are experimenting with the effects of sleep deprivation on memory. In this case, sleep deprivation is a(n) ____ variable?
Which variable is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable?
Which variable is manipulated in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable?
What term refers to the relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable?
What term refers to the relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable?
What is the dependent variable in an experiment?
What is the dependent variable in an experiment?
Which of the following is an example of an appetitive stimulus?
Which of the following is an example of an appetitive stimulus?
What does deprivation do to the appetitiveness of a stimulus?
What does deprivation do to the appetitiveness of a stimulus?
What is contingency in the context of stimulus-response?
What is contingency in the context of stimulus-response?
Which type of behavior is subjectively perceived and not publicly observable?
Which type of behavior is subjectively perceived and not publicly observable?
How is behavior measured by the rate of response?
How is behavior measured by the rate of response?
What is contiguity in the context of stimuli?
What is contiguity in the context of stimuli?
What does satiation do to the appetitiveness of a stimulus?
What does satiation do to the appetitiveness of a stimulus?
Which event creates a contingency between lever pressing and food presentation?
Which event creates a contingency between lever pressing and food presentation?
What are events that an organism will seek out, mostly pleasant?
What are events that an organism will seek out, mostly pleasant?
Which establishing operation affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus by prolonged absence of an event?
Which establishing operation affects the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus by prolonged absence of an event?
What is the potential influencer of behavior?
What is the potential influencer of behavior?
Which method of measurement is used to observe whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals?
Which method of measurement is used to observe whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals?
What does a steep line in a cumulative record indicate?
What does a steep line in a cumulative record indicate?
Which aspect of behavior refers to the force or magnitude of a behavior?
Which aspect of behavior refers to the force or magnitude of a behavior?
What does a well-defined behavior have?
What does a well-defined behavior have?
Which design involves implementing a new treatment and comparing it to the baseline?
Which design involves implementing a new treatment and comparing it to the baseline?
What is the length of time required for a behavior to begin known as?
What is the length of time required for a behavior to begin known as?
Which type of research methods involve manipulating variables to observe their effects on behavior?
Which type of research methods involve manipulating variables to observe their effects on behavior?
What does the number of errors refer to in behavior measurement?
What does the number of errors refer to in behavior measurement?
Which method is used to measure the total number of responses over time?
Which method is used to measure the total number of responses over time?
In a reversal design, why is it necessary for the behavior to revert to its original baseline frequency when the treatment is withdrawn?
In a reversal design, why is it necessary for the behavior to revert to its original baseline frequency when the treatment is withdrawn?
Why might it be ethically inappropriate to remove a treatment once some improvement has been obtained in a study?
Why might it be ethically inappropriate to remove a treatment once some improvement has been obtained in a study?
When is a reversal design inappropriate for an experiment?
When is a reversal design inappropriate for an experiment?
What is the advantage of using a multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design in an experiment?
What is the advantage of using a multiple-baseline-across-behaviors design in an experiment?
What are two advantages of using animals in research, as mentioned in the text?
What are two advantages of using animals in research, as mentioned in the text?
Why might some research not ethically be conducted with humans?
Why might some research not ethically be conducted with humans?
What is the main disadvantage of a reversal design?
What is the main disadvantage of a reversal design?
In what type of experiment is a reversal design inappropriate?
In what type of experiment is a reversal design inappropriate?
What type of design involves applying a treatment at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors?
What type of design involves applying a treatment at successive points in time for two or more persons, settings, or behaviors?
Study Notes
- The text discusses different methods used to measure and record various aspects of behavior, including duration, intensity, latency, topography, and number of errors.
- A well-defined behavior has a clear onset and offset. Examples include the number of cigarettes smoked per day, number of words written in an hour, and number of lever presses during a session.
- Cumulative recorders are used to measure the total number of responses over time. A flat line indicates no or slow responding, a steep line indicates fast responding, and a shallow line indicates moderate responding.
- Intensity is the force or magnitude of a behavior. More salivation indicates stronger conditioning, while the force with which a rat presses a lever to obtain food is also a measure of intensity.
- Latency is the length of time required for a behavior to begin. For example, how soon a dog begins salivating after hearing a tone or how quickly a musician begins playing a musical piece.
- Interval recording is the measurement of whether or not a behavior occurs within a series of continuous intervals. Not interested in how many responses occurred in each interval, only whether it occurred or not.
- Topography is the physical form of the behavior. Observing how a rat presses a lever with its left or right paw, or the exact manner in which a person lifts a weight.
- Number of errors refers to the number of mistakes or wrong turns made before reaching a goal.
- Descriptive research methods are used to observe behavior without manipulating variables. Naturalistic observations and case studies are examples.
- Experimental research methods involve manipulating variables to observe their effects on behavior. Control group designs and single-subject designs are examples.
- Reversal (ABA or ABAB) design involves implementing a new treatment and comparing it to the baseline.
- Simple-Comparison (AB) design compares behavior in a baseline condition to behavior in a treatment condition.
- Reversal (ABCAC) design involves multiple treatments and observing the effects of each one.
- Descriptive research methods are susceptible to researcher bias and cannot determine cause and effect relationships. Results are also limited as they cannot be generalized to other people, places, and times.
- Experimental research methods are distinguished by the manipulation of variables and can provide stronger evidence of cause and effect relationships. However, they can also be more complex and time-consuming to conduct.
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Description
Test your knowledge of cumulative recorders and the measurement of duration in behavioral psychology. This quiz covers topics such as recording methods and the interpretation of cumulative recorder data.
