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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes cultural relativism?
Which of the following best describes cultural relativism?
Ethnocentrism promotes the idea that one's own culture is inferior to others.
Ethnocentrism promotes the idea that one's own culture is inferior to others.
False
What is the main purpose of socialization?
What is the main purpose of socialization?
To teach individuals the norms, values, and behaviors necessary to function in society.
________ is a formal organization characterized by hierarchies and defined rules and regulations.
________ is a formal organization characterized by hierarchies and defined rules and regulations.
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Match the socialization agency with its primary function:
Match the socialization agency with its primary function:
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of coercive formal organizations?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of coercive formal organizations?
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Personal space varies based on context and social situations.
Personal space varies based on context and social situations.
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Describe the Milgram shock experiment in one sentence.
Describe the Milgram shock experiment in one sentence.
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What is the distinction between sex and gender?
What is the distinction between sex and gender?
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Alienation occurs when someone who produces goods cannot afford them.
Alienation occurs when someone who produces goods cannot afford them.
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What do open and closed systems of stratification refer to?
What do open and closed systems of stratification refer to?
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The _________ gap refers to the difference in earnings between men and women.
The _________ gap refers to the difference in earnings between men and women.
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Match the following concepts with their definitions:
Match the following concepts with their definitions:
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Which of the following describes a characteristic of global stratification?
Which of the following describes a characteristic of global stratification?
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The personal perception of racial identity is the same as systemic racism.
The personal perception of racial identity is the same as systemic racism.
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What role do medical professionals play in defining health?
What role do medical professionals play in defining health?
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Study Notes
Final Exam - Study Notes
-
Exam Format:
- 4-5 short answer questions
- Only need to answer 3-4 questions
- One page per question, labeled accordingly
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Example Question:
- Briefly explain cultural relativism and ethnocentrism.
- Provide 1 example each, showing how cultural relativism excuses bad behavior and the same for ethnocentrism.
Culture
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Material and Non-Material Culture:
- Includes tangible objects and the ideas, values, and behaviors.
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Norms, Mores, and Folkways:
- Norms are rules of behavior, mores are stricter norms, and folkways are less formal customs.
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Subculture and Counterculture:
- Subcultures are groups with distinct values and behaviors within a larger culture.
- Countercultures oppose dominant cultural norms.
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Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism:
- Ethnocentrism is judging other cultures through the lens of one's own.
- Cultural relativism recognizes that different cultures have their own values.
Socialization
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Agencies of Socialization:
- Families, schools, peer groups influence behavior and categorization.
- Media is a source of information and shapes views. Advertisers influence the media.
- Media reflects social values.
Society, Social Structure, and Interactions
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Social Constructs:
- Status (wealth, possessions) are examples of hierarchies with social symbols
- Social institutions (families, schools, etc) set standards and norms.
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Institutions:
- Provide structure, teach members, and distribute resources for survival.
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Social Interactions:
- Dramaturgy: front stage (public) and backstage (private) behavior.
- Nonverbal communication (tone, facial expression) plays a role.
- Personal space varies based on context (intimate, personal, social, public).
Groups and Organizations
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Milgrim Experiment:
- Authority and obedience.
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Formal Organizations:
- Normative, coercive, and utilitarian (based on goals).
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Bureaucracy:
- Features: division of labor, rules, impersonality, hierarchy.
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Government Structures:
- Welfare state types (conservative, social democratic, liberal)
Additional Topics (Page 2)
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Social Stratification and Class:
- Society's categorization based on resource access.
- Hierarchical structure, layers, mobility (up or down).
- Open and closed systems.
- Alienation: unable to afford goods produced.
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Sex and Gender:
- Sex (biological) vs. Gender (social roles)
- Binary system, gender roles and power, division of labor.
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Gender Inequality:
- Quantitative measures (wage gap), societal expectations.
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Global Stratification:
- Differences between wealthy and poor nations, US hegemony, issues with foreign aid.
- Levels of development approach, world systems theory
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Race/Ethnicity:
- Racial identities, personal/perceived race, systemic racism, personal vs. systemic racism.
- Ethnicity (shared culture), racial identity (physical characteristics), racial interaction patterns (pluralism, assimilation, genocide, segregation).
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Health:
- Difficulty in defining "health", ideal vs. actual states, the effect powerful groups have on defining health.
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Description
Prepare for your final exam with this comprehensive study guide on culture. This resource covers key concepts including material and non-material culture, norms, subcultures, and the differences between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. Perfect for reviewing essential topics to excel in your exam.