Culture Study Notes for Final Exam
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes cultural relativism?

  • The tendency to view one's own culture as the standard
  • The belief that all cultures are superior to others
  • Understanding a culture on its own terms without judgment (correct)
  • Rejecting all cultural norms

Ethnocentrism promotes the idea that one's own culture is inferior to others.

False (B)

What is the main purpose of socialization?

To teach individuals the norms, values, and behaviors necessary to function in society.

________ is a formal organization characterized by hierarchies and defined rules and regulations.

<p>Bureaucracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the socialization agency with its primary function:

<p>Families = Teach basic norms and values Schools = Provide formal education Peer groups = Influence social behavior among age mates Mass media = Disseminate cultural values and information</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of coercive formal organizations?

<p>Voluntary membership (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Personal space varies based on context and social situations.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the Milgram shock experiment in one sentence.

<p>The Milgram shock experiment demonstrated that people are willing to obey authority figures even when it conflicts with their personal conscience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between sex and gender?

<p>Sex refers to biological differences, while gender refers to social norms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Alienation occurs when someone who produces goods cannot afford them.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do open and closed systems of stratification refer to?

<p>The ability or inability for social mobility within a society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _________ gap refers to the difference in earnings between men and women.

<p>gender wage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their definitions:

<p>Pluralism = A pattern of interaction where multiple groups coexist without dominance Assimilation = The process of adopting the culture of another group Genocide = The deliberate and systematic destruction of a cultural or ethnic group Segregation = The enforced separation of groups based on race or ethnicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a characteristic of global stratification?

<p>It is characterized by the division of the world into rich and poor nations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The personal perception of racial identity is the same as systemic racism.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do medical professionals play in defining health?

<p>Medical professionals help to define the ideal state of health and advise behaviors to maintain it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Culture

A shared set of beliefs, values, behaviors, and material objects that characterize a group of people. This encompasses everything from language and customs to technology and art.

Material vs. Non-material Culture

Material culture refers to physical objects created by a society, such as tools, clothing, and buildings. Non-material culture encompasses the intangible aspects of culture, including beliefs, values, language, norms, and customs.

Norms

Rules or guidelines that prescribe how people should behave in particular situations. They can be formal (laws) or informal (customs).

Mores and Folkways

Mores are strong norms with moral significance, often backed by laws and social sanctions. Folkways are less serious norms, like social etiquette, that carry lighter consequences if violated.

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Ethnocentrism

The tendency to view one's own culture as superior to other cultures and to judge other cultures according to one's own standards.

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Cultural Relativism

The idea that cultures should be understood from the perspective of their own values and beliefs, not judged against the standards of another culture.

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Socialization

The process by which individuals learn the values, beliefs, and behaviors of their society and culture.

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Agencies of Socialization

The various social institutions, like family, schools, peer groups, and mass media, that contribute to an individual's socialization process.

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Social Stratification

A hierarchical system where society is organized into layers based on access to resources like wealth, power, and prestige. Individuals in higher layers have more resources than those in lower layers.

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Open vs. Closed Stratification Systems

Open systems allow for social mobility, meaning people can move between layers. Closed systems limit mobility, making it difficult to change social position.

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Alienation

A state of feeling disconnected or estranged from one's work or society, often experienced by workers who feel powerless and lack control over their labor.

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Sex vs. Gender

Sex refers to biological differences between males and females, while gender refers to the social roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with each sex.

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Gender Inequality

The unequal distribution of power, resources, and opportunities between men and women, often rooted in societal norms and expectations.

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Global Stratification

A hierarchical system that divides nations into layers based on economic development, political influence, and access to resources, highlighting the unequal distribution of wealth and power on a global scale.

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Race vs. Ethnicity

Race is a social construct based on perceived physical characteristics, often used to create categories of people and justify inequality. Ethnicity refers to cultural identity and shared heritage within a group.

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Health

A state of well-being that encompasses physical, mental, and social aspects. It's not simply the absence of illness, but a dynamic and subjective experience shaped by social and environmental factors.

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Study Notes

Final Exam - Study Notes

  • Exam Format:

    • 4-5 short answer questions
    • Only need to answer 3-4 questions
    • One page per question, labeled accordingly

  • Example Question:

    • Briefly explain cultural relativism and ethnocentrism.
    • Provide 1 example each, showing how cultural relativism excuses bad behavior and the same for ethnocentrism.

Culture

  • Material and Non-Material Culture:

    • Includes tangible objects and the ideas, values, and behaviors.

  • Norms, Mores, and Folkways:

    • Norms are rules of behavior, mores are stricter norms, and folkways are less formal customs.

  • Subculture and Counterculture:

    • Subcultures are groups with distinct values and behaviors within a larger culture.
    • Countercultures oppose dominant cultural norms.

  • Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism:

    • Ethnocentrism is judging other cultures through the lens of one's own.
    • Cultural relativism recognizes that different cultures have their own values.

Socialization

  • Agencies of Socialization:
    • Families, schools, peer groups influence behavior and categorization.
    • Media is a source of information and shapes views. Advertisers influence the media.
    • Media reflects social values.

Society, Social Structure, and Interactions

  • Social Constructs:

    • Status (wealth, possessions) are examples of hierarchies with social symbols
    • Social institutions (families, schools, etc) set standards and norms.

  • Institutions:

    • Provide structure, teach members, and distribute resources for survival.

  • Social Interactions:

    • Dramaturgy: front stage (public) and backstage (private) behavior.
    • Nonverbal communication (tone, facial expression) plays a role.
    • Personal space varies based on context (intimate, personal, social, public).

Groups and Organizations

  • Milgrim Experiment:

    • Authority and obedience.

  • Formal Organizations:

    • Normative, coercive, and utilitarian (based on goals).

  • Bureaucracy:

    • Features: division of labor, rules, impersonality, hierarchy.

  • Government Structures:

    • Welfare state types (conservative, social democratic, liberal)

Additional Topics (Page 2)

  • Social Stratification and Class:

    • Society's categorization based on resource access.
    • Hierarchical structure, layers, mobility (up or down).
    • Open and closed systems.
    • Alienation: unable to afford goods produced.

  • Sex and Gender:

    • Sex (biological) vs. Gender (social roles)
    • Binary system, gender roles and power, division of labor.

  • Gender Inequality:

    • Quantitative measures (wage gap), societal expectations.

  • Global Stratification:

    • Differences between wealthy and poor nations, US hegemony, issues with foreign aid.
    • Levels of development approach, world systems theory

  • Race/Ethnicity:

    • Racial identities, personal/perceived race, systemic racism, personal vs. systemic racism.
    • Ethnicity (shared culture), racial identity (physical characteristics), racial interaction patterns (pluralism, assimilation, genocide, segregation).

  • Health:

    • Difficulty in defining "health", ideal vs. actual states, the effect powerful groups have on defining health.

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Socio Final Exam - November 2024

Description

Prepare for your final exam with this comprehensive study guide on culture. This resource covers key concepts including material and non-material culture, norms, subcultures, and the differences between ethnocentrism and cultural relativism. Perfect for reviewing essential topics to excel in your exam.

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