Culture, Society, Politics, and Anthropology

• Culture is defined as the custom beliefs, social forms, and traits that define a racial, religious, or social group.

Types of Culture

• Material culture is created by humans or is intangible

• Non-material culture is learned or observed by humans

• Society comes from the Latin word "socius", meaning comrade, companion, or friend.

• Politics refers to achieving and exercising positions of governance over a human community.

• Sociology deals with the study of society and social interactions.

Areas of Sociology (according to Hauser)

• Social organization
• Social Psychology
• Social Change
• Human Ecology
• Population Studies
• Sociological Theory and research
• Applied Sociology

Methods, Techniques, and Tools in Sociology

• Experiment

• Survey

• Case Study

• Field Observation or Participation Observation

• Interviewing

• Historical Approach

• Anthropology is a branch of knowledge that deals with the scientific study of man, his work, his body, his behavior, and values in time and space.

Branches or Subfields of Anthropology

• Physical Anthropology

• Cultural Anthropology

• Archeology

• Fossils

• Linguistics

• Political Science is defined as the systematic study of the state and government, the study of politics, and the analysis of the relationship of people with government.

Scope in the Study of Political Science

• Political Theory
• Public Law
• Public Administrative
• Comparative Government
• Public International Law

Three Related Concepts in Political Science

• Legitimacy

• Sovereignty

• Authority

• Governance is the process of decision-making and implementation.

• Good governance is participatory, consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive and follows the rule of law.

• State is a community of people, permanently occupying a territory with an independent government to which the inhabitants render habitual obedience.

Elements of the State

• People

• Territory

• Government

• Sovereignty

• Citizenship denotes membership of a citizen in a political society.

• Citizen refers to a member of a democratic community who enjoys full civil and political rights and protection in and out of the state.

• Government is the agency through which the state is formulated, expressed, and carried out.

Forms of Government

• A government based on the number of rulers

• Government of One: Monarchy, Tyranny

• Government of the Law: Aristocracy, Oligarchy

• Government of the Majority: Democracy, Mabocarcy

• A government based on territorial delegation of power: Unitary, Federal

• A government based on the extent of people's participation: Dictatorship, Totalitarianism, Fascism, and Communism

• The relationship between Executive and Legislative branches: Parliamentary, Presidential

• Inherent powers are those which exist when a government is born or established and are essential for its existence.

• The totality of government power is contained in police power, power of eminent domain, and power of taxation.

Biological Evolution of Man

• Paleontology deals with the origin of man through the study of fossil evidence
• Primatology deals with the study of primates or hominids of the genus Homo, especially Homo sapiens
• Neuroanthrology deals with the evolution of the human brain and culture
• Human osteology deals with the study of skeletal materials
• Human Evolution refers to the evolutionary history of the genus Homo, including the emergence of Homo sapiens and hominids
• Evolution means the slow process of change from a simple to a more complex form or structure.

Theories of Evolution

• Lamarckism
• Darwinism
• Synthetic Theory or Neo-Darwinism

Stages in Human Evolution

• Dryopithecus
• Ramapithecus
• Australopithecus
• Homo habilis
• Homo erectus
• Homo Sapiens
• Neanderthalenses
• Homo sapiens or Cro-Magnon

Homosapiens Taxonomy (Taxonomic Rank)

• Domain: Eukaryota
• Kingdom: Animalia
• Phylum: Chordata
• Class: Mammalia
• Order: Primates
• Family: homininie
• Genus: Homo
• Species: Homo sapiens

Explores the definitions of culture, society, and politics, including the types of culture and areas of sociology. Covers methods, techniques, and tools used in sociological research, also touches on the basics of anthropology.