Podcast
Questions and Answers
What did Bowlby believe about attachments?
What did Bowlby believe about attachments?
- They are influenced by cultural values
- They vary significantly across different countries
- They are solely dependent on the infant's gender
- They are innate (correct)
What was the main focus of Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's research?
What was the main focus of Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's research?
- Physical growth patterns in infants
- Fashion trends in different cultures
- Proportions of attachment types across different countries (correct)
- Cultural variations in food preferences
How many attachment studies were included in the meta-analysis conducted by Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg?
How many attachment studies were included in the meta-analysis conducted by Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg?
- 15 studies (correct)
- 25 studies
- 35 studies
- 5 studies
What was the most common type of attachment found in all countries?
What was the most common type of attachment found in all countries?
Which of the following best describes cultural variation in the context of the text?
Which of the following best describes cultural variation in the context of the text?
How does the proportion of secure attachment differ between the UK and China?
How does the proportion of secure attachment differ between the UK and China?
What was the percentage of insecure resistant attachment in collectivist countries like China, Japan, and Israel?
What was the percentage of insecure resistant attachment in collectivist countries like China, Japan, and Israel?
Why did Germany show higher rates of insecure avoidant attachment according to the text?
Why did Germany show higher rates of insecure avoidant attachment according to the text?
What did Simonelli et al. find in their study regarding attachment types?
What did Simonelli et al. find in their study regarding attachment types?
What was the primary reason for the differences in attachment type proportions observed by Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg between their study and Simonelli's study?
What was the primary reason for the differences in attachment type proportions observed by Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg between their study and Simonelli's study?
How did the attachment types in Korea, as found by Kyoung Jin et al., compare to those in other countries?
How did the attachment types in Korea, as found by Kyoung Jin et al., compare to those in other countries?
What factor was highlighted as a reason behind the higher rates of insecure resistant attachment in collectivist cultures?
What factor was highlighted as a reason behind the higher rates of insecure resistant attachment in collectivist cultures?
Study Notes
Cultural Variations in Attachment
- Individualistic cultures (UK, US, Germany) have similar rates of insecure resistant attachment (under 14%) to Ainsworth's original sample.
- Collectivist countries (China, Japan, Israel) have higher rates of insecure resistant attachment (above 25%) and lower rates of insecure avoidant attachment.
- This is due to rare separation from mothers in collectivist countries, whereas in Germany, insecure avoidant attachment is more common due to independent upbringing.
Variations in Results
- Variations in results within the same country are greater than those between countries.
- Van IJzendoorn linked these variations to differences in socio-economic factors and levels of stress between samples.
Other Studies of Cultural Variations
- An Italian study (Simonelli et al) used the Strange Situation to assess 76 babies aged 12 months.
- Results showed 50% secure, 36% insecure avoidant, and 14% insecure resistant attachment types.
- This study had a lower rate of secure and higher rate of insecure avoidant attachment compared to other studies.
- This is attributed to increasing numbers of mothers working long hours and using childcare, suggesting that attachment type patterns vary with cultural change.
Korean Study
- Kyoung Jin et al conducted a study to compare proportions of attachment types in Korea to other studies.
- The study used the Strange Situation to assess 87 babies and found proportions of secure and insecure attachment similar to other countries.
- However, the insecure attachments were mainly resistant (only 1 was avoidant), similar to Japan in the original study.
- This is due to similar child-rearing styles in Korea and Japan.
Definition of Culture and Cultural Variation
- Culture refers to the norms and values of a group of people.
- Cultural variation refers to the differences in norms and values between different groups of people.
Bowlby's Theory and Van IJzendoorn's Study
- Bowlby believed attachments are innate and the initial bond should be a generic experience for all infants.
- Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study aimed to assess cultural variation by examining proportions of secure, insecure resistant, and avoidant attachments in different countries.
- The study used 32 attachment studies with 1990 infants from 8 countries, including the UK, US, Sweden, Japan, China, Holland, and Israel.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cultural variation in norms and values, as well as attachment theory concepts such as innate attachments and universal bond experiences for infants. Explore research by Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg on attachment styles across different countries.
