Cultural Influences on Management

A mental framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information. For instance, the 'fish' schema categorizes salmon, but doesn't completely describe it.

A sequence of expected behaviors for a given situation. Imagine a script for ordering coffee: You walk in, choose your drink, pay, and leave.

The way people process, store, and apply information about other people and social situations. It helps us understand how people behave and interact.

Fast, automatic, unconscious mental processing. For example, recognizing a friend's face quickly is Type 1 cognition.

Slower, deliberate, conscious mental processing. It involves effortful thinking and reasoning.

Grouping information together to make it easier to recall. For example, remembering the features of a fish helps us understand all kinds of fish.

Using existing knowledge and experiences to make inferences about new situations. For example, meeting French people, reading about them, or hearing others talk about them can help us understand individual French people.

Making assumptions about individuals based on group membership. For example, assuming that someone is French because they speak French.

Thinking automatically without conscious effort. It's like driving a car on a familiar route - you do it without having to think about each step.

Thinking consciously and deliberately. It requires effort and attention, like learning a new language.

The ability to think and act quickly and efficiently, often without conscious thought. It's like knowing how to ride a bike - you do it without thinking about it.

When we are put in new or unfamiliar situations, we rely more on conscious thought.

The mental effort needed to consciously process information and make decisions, especially in novel situations. It can be tiring!

Learning the specific customs and behaviors of a new culture. Think of it as mastering the unwritten rules of a new place.

Actions that are considered socially appropriate in a particular culture, such as greetings or dining etiquette.

Our ability to use Type 2 cognition is limited. We can't be consciously thinking all the time.

A concept encompassing how we perceive ourselves as individuals within a society, either as independent (individualistic) or interdependent (collectivist). This schema impacts our social interactions and self-understanding.

The grouping of individuals based on shared characteristics like gender, religion, or ethnicity, creating a sense of belonging and identity.

A specific form of social identity rooted in cultural groups, shaping our perceptions and actions. It's influenced by nationality, ethnicity, religion, and other factors.

The tendency to categorize individuals based on their cultural group, creating a schema about their behaviors, values, and characteristics.

Mental representations that shape behavior and decision-making in specific situations. These scripts are often unconscious and influenced by our cultural background.

The tendency to favor members of our own cultural group, perceiving them as 'us' and others as 'them'.

The process of understanding and interpreting information received through the senses. It allows us to make sense of the world around us.

The ability to focus on specific information based on our goals, interests, and expectations. This means we often notice things we want to see and ignore other information.

Sets of unwritten rules and expectations that shape behavior in a particular society.

Cues in the environment that trigger specific behaviors and reactions.

The process of understanding and interpreting information received through the senses. It allows us to make sense of the world around us.

Culturally based scripts can lead to differences in how people approach business meetings, including expectations around punctuality, formality, decision-making processes, and the pace of the meeting.

Our perception of ourselves and others within groups, including cultural and social affiliations, can influence the scripts we apply in various situations.

Scripts can create confusion and misunderstanding in cross-cultural interactions, as individuals are often accustomed to following scripts from their own culture.

When interacting with people from different cultures, it's crucial to be mindful of and adjust to potential script differences, engaging in thoughtful consideration (Type 2 cognition) rather than automatic reactions.

Assumptions or beliefs about individuals based on their group membership. While not always accurate, they can shape how we perceive people.

The explanations we make for people's behavior. These attributions can be influenced by our cultural background and stereotypes.

How our culture affects how we process information and respond to events. It influences what we notice, how we interpret it, and how we ultimately react.