Cultural Exchange in India and China

<p>To reclaim the Holy Land/Jerusalem from Muslim rule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genoa, Pisa, and Venice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Its strategic location along major land and sea trade routes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By establishing temples on previously uncultivated land that grew into productive farming communities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strengthened political legitimacy and support for their rule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A mutually beneficial partnership where the Brahmans provided religious legitimacy, and the rajas supported the Brahmans financially. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of organized resistance by the rajas, along with their lack of will and resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A decentralized system with self-sufficient manors controlled by lords. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To provide protection to the manor and expand lord's landholdings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The wish to escape arbitrary justice and forced labor imposed by feudal lords. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large scale commercial centers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were hubs of expanding long distance trade. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Byzantine’s Eastern Orthodoxy and Hagia Sophia. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Constantinople (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agriculture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The military victories of Turkish forces against independent Indian rajas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allowed non-Muslims to practice their faiths and administer local laws. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Persian (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were absorbed into Hinduism, influencing practices like ahisma and vegetarianism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local groups, such as Persian Zoroastrians and Arabs, controlled the trade. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The world’s first manufacturing revolution with large scale production of goods. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The spread of its cultural influence throughout SE Asia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allowed for the production of stronger iron plows that improved crop cultivation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rapidly expanding commerce increased the need for currency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The assimilation of invaders and immigrants into Indian society. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Runaway inflation caused by an oversupply of cash. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They shifted power to a less wealthy, but more educated class of scholar-officials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They adopted some Chinese institutions while also seeking to conquer and copy China. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Buying off the nomads with gifts to maintain a short-term peace. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Power in Japan was challenged by military leaders, samurai, and wealthy landowners. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was a major trade hub and a buffer between the powerful empires of China and India. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chinese cultural influence was present in many facets of Japanese society (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They served as meeting places for traders between India and China. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Multiple power centers, including the imperial family, landowners, and samurai. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Steel-tipped arrows, crossbows, flamethrowers, catapults, and incendiary bombs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superior printing, book publishing, and circulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A combination of a large population, strong agrarian base, and manufacturing innovations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of political central power led to people becoming vulnerable to invaders, causing a reliance on local lords. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acted as a central authority and provided guidance and support in the absence of political control. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vulnerability of people to invaders and the inability of kings to protect them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The division of the Holy Roman Empire and Viking invasions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A growing sense of being 'European,' often linked to Christian identity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Power held by local lords and religious leaders, rather than the kings. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their fear of the outsiders' intentions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical Chinese became a common language among educated classes in E Asia, working as a unifying force. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The arrival of Ottoman Turks in India during the 11th and 12th centuries significantly impacted the political landscape. These invaders, expanding from the Islamic heartland, faced a complex and diverse India with numerous kingdoms and religious practices.

Before the arrival of the Ottoman Turks, India was divided into numerous kingdoms ruled by rajas. To gain support, these rajas offered land grants to Brahmans (religious leaders), who in turn spread Hinduism and cultivated new lands.

The Brahmans, through their influence on the rajas, played a key role in expanding Hinduism. By establishing temples on uncultivated lands, they converted indigenous hunter-gatherers and introduced them to agriculture, thereby increasing the tax base and strengthening the kingdoms.

The rajas emphasized a high level of

Despite their centuries of resistance against invaders, the rajas were unable to resist Ottoman Turkish invasions in northern India. Reasons included lack of unity and resources, which ultimately allowed Turkish rulers like Mahmud of Ghazna to expand their influence.

Prior to the 1200s, Christianity was primarily practiced by monks and centered around monasteries. However, by 1200, the expansion of Christianity throughout Europe led to the establishment of parish churches, bringing the faith closer to individuals and influencing everyday life.

During the late 1000s, the Seljuk Turks, a Muslim group, began attacking the Byzantine Empire, endangering its borders. Simultaneously, Christian pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land were facing threats and attacks.

In 1095, Pope Urban II called for a military campaign to liberate the Holy Land, Jerusalem, from Muslim rule. This call to arms attracted knights, and even common people, who saw it as a just war.

The Crusaders embarked on a journey south, reaching cities like Genoa, Pisa, and Venice, where they boarded ships heading across the Mediterranean to the Holy Land. This voyage resulted in a significant influx of wealth for the northern Italian cities involved.

The Crusades were a series of religious wars launched by European Christians, primarily against Muslims, with the goal of reclaiming control of the Holy Land. These conflicts had a profound impact on the political, social, and religious landscape of the time.

The practice of using printed paper money instead of coins, which gained popularity due to its convenience and lighter weight.

A situation where the value of money decreases rapidly, leading to higher prices for goods and services.

A system of exams used in China to select qualified candidates for government positions, emphasizing academic merit and loyalty.

A large group of government officials who are responsible for managing the affairs of the state.

Groups of nomadic people who lived in the northern regions of China, often adopting Chinese cultural practices.

The ruling class of warriors in Japan, known for their martial skills and loyalty.

A trading center that serves as a hub for goods and services, facilitating trade between different regions.

The fusion of different cultures and religions in Southeast Asia during the Song period.

A powerful empire in Southeast Asia known for its magnificent temples and extensive public works, located in present-day Cambodia.

Kingdoms situated between China and India, acting as a buffer zone to prevent conflicts and promote stability and prosperity in Southeast Asia.

A system of social and economic organization prevalent in Western Europe during the Middle Ages, characterized by the exchange of loyalty and military service for land and protection.

A self-sufficient agricultural estate in feudal society, controlled by a lord and worked by peasants (serfs) who were bound to the land.

A peasant bound to a manor and obligated to work the land for the lord in exchange for protection and subsistence. They could not leave without the lord's permission.

A lord's fortified residence, often a castle, within a manor.

The transformation of the feudal system, over time, into a more organized and technologically advanced system of agricultural production.

A period in European history characterized by a shift in power from local lords and manors to more centralized kingdoms and empires.

A period of migration from Western Europe to Eastern Europe, where people sought freedom from the restrictions and injustices of feudal lords.

A period in which Eastern Europe developed strong city-states and trade centers, similar to the Byzantine Empire, rather than relying on a feudal system.

The period between 1000 and 1300 CE in Europe, characterized by strong contrasts: localized power balanced by a shared sense of European identity rooted in Christianity.

The system of localized power in Western Europe where lords of manors and local religious leaders held real influence, while kings and emperors were unable to effectively protect people from invaders.

The collapse of Charlemagne's empire in the 9th century, leading to the fragmentation of Western Europe and renewed vulnerability to invaders.

The practice of lords granting land to vassals in exchange for loyalty and military service, a system that developed in response to the constant threat of invaders.

The period in Europe where people began to move to cities, trade increased, and feudalism declined due to a decrease in the threat of invaders.

A cultural and religious sphere that was both distinct and expansive, encompassing diverse regions and populations within a shared Christian framework.

The spread of Christianity to Northern Europe, driven by the influence of invaders and the desire to convert pagans.

A type of social organization where land is divided into self-sufficient estates run by lords and worked by serfs.

The idea of knightly honor and chivalry, often associated with noble deeds, rescuing damsels in distress, and heroic battles.

The use of printing technology, particularly in China during the 1300s, which led to a significant expansion of literacy and the spread of knowledge.

A period of Turkish Muslim rule in northern India from 1206 to 1526, marked by political integration, cultural diversity, and tolerance. The Delhi Sultanate didn't force cultural uniformity and encouraged local artisans to contribute to their building projects.

The practice of collecting a tax from non-Muslim religious groups in India, which was implemented by the Delhi Sultanate. This tax allowed non-Muslims to practice their own religion and administer their own local laws.

The system of social hierarchy in India, where individuals are divided into different social classes based on birth. This system was embraced by local Indian populations and was acknowledged by the Turkish conquerors, even though it was not their own system.

A major world power in the 1000s, the Song Dynasty reunified China after a period of fragmentation. The Song dynasty embraced economic and political success, but ultimately fell to the Mongols due to their inability to entirely control surrounding tribes.

The first recorded manufacturing revolution in the world, where the Song Dynasty in the 11th century started producing goods in large quantities for widespread consumption. This was driven by advances in technologies like metalworking and the increased use of money in commercial transactions.

A key factor in the economic success of Song China, the reliance on agriculture allowed for large-scale food production, which fueled the population and the need for further commercial activities. This agrarian base supported a growing, well-fed population that then contributed to the thriving commercial economy.

India, during the period from 1000 to 1200, was a diverse and in many ways, tolerant region in Afro-Eurasia. While invaders and immigrants were assimilated, they maintained their own cultural and religious beliefs, creating a cultural mosaic within India.

The decline of Buddhism in India for centuries had led to the absorption of its key doctrines into Hinduism. This process resulted in Buddhist ideas, such as non-violence and vegetarianism, becoming part of Hindu practices, and the Buddha himself becoming a Hindu god.

The Delhi Sultanate's policy of integrating local cultural practices into the Turkish Muslim rule. The acceptance of existing social structures, like the varna system, and the use of local artisans in building projects, played a crucial role in building acceptance and cultural harmony.

The Delhi Sultanate's policy of religious tolerance, which allowed non-Muslims to practice their faith and administer their own local laws. This policy reflects the Sultanate's commitment to maintaining cultural diversity and peaceful coexistence between different religious communities.