Podcast
Questions and Answers
According to cultivation theory, what is the "mean world syndrome," and how does television viewing contribute to it?
According to cultivation theory, what is the "mean world syndrome," and how does television viewing contribute to it?
Heavy viewers are more likely to see the world as a scary, mean, violent, and dangerous place.
What is 'mainstreaming' in the context of cultivation theory, and why is it considered a product of cultivation?
What is 'mainstreaming' in the context of cultivation theory, and why is it considered a product of cultivation?
The process by which television's symbols monopolize and dominate other sources of information and ideas about the world for heavier viewers.
Briefly explain the concept of 'resonance' in cultivation theory and how it affects viewers' perceptions.
Briefly explain the concept of 'resonance' in cultivation theory and how it affects viewers' perceptions.
Viewers see things on television that are congruent with their own everyday realities.
What are the two types of cultivation effects?
What are the two types of cultivation effects?
What is the 'digital divide,' and how might it relate to the diffusion of innovations?
What is the 'digital divide,' and how might it relate to the diffusion of innovations?
In the diffusion of innovations, describe the role of communication channels and how they influence adoption.
In the diffusion of innovations, describe the role of communication channels and how they influence adoption.
How do 'innovators' and 'laggards' differ, according to the diffusion of innovations theory?
How do 'innovators' and 'laggards' differ, according to the diffusion of innovations theory?
Explain the five stages of the innovation-decision process a person goes through when deciding whether to adopt a product.
Explain the five stages of the innovation-decision process a person goes through when deciding whether to adopt a product.
Briefly describe two of the factors, relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, triability, and observability, that influence the adoption of an innovation.
Briefly describe two of the factors, relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, triability, and observability, that influence the adoption of an innovation.
How do behavioral beliefs influence our attitudes, according to the theory of planned behavior?
How do behavioral beliefs influence our attitudes, according to the theory of planned behavior?
Explain the role of 'subjective norms' in the theory of planned behavior, and how they impact our intentions.
Explain the role of 'subjective norms' in the theory of planned behavior, and how they impact our intentions.
According to the theory of planned behavior, how do 'control beliefs' and 'perceived behavioral control' influence behavior?
According to the theory of planned behavior, how do 'control beliefs' and 'perceived behavioral control' influence behavior?
In the theory of planned behavior, what is the role of 'intention', and what factors influence a person's intention to act?
In the theory of planned behavior, what is the role of 'intention', and what factors influence a person's intention to act?
Briefly explain how the concept of 'actual behavioral control' functions within the theory of planned behavior.
Briefly explain how the concept of 'actual behavioral control' functions within the theory of planned behavior.
How does the social construction of reality suggest that reality is created?
How does the social construction of reality suggest that reality is created?
Explain the role of socialization. How does it contribute to the social construction of reality?
Explain the role of socialization. How does it contribute to the social construction of reality?
Briefly describe the two key elements relevant to communication within social construction theory.
Briefly describe the two key elements relevant to communication within social construction theory.
What is the role of conversation in 'reality maintenance' according to the social construction of reality?
What is the role of conversation in 'reality maintenance' according to the social construction of reality?
In relation to symbolic interactionism, describe the role of 'meaning' in how humans interact with their environment.
In relation to symbolic interactionism, describe the role of 'meaning' in how humans interact with their environment.
Explain how language is the source of meaning according to symbolic interactionism.
Explain how language is the source of meaning according to symbolic interactionism.
What is 'thinking' in the context of symbolic interactionism, and how does it affect our interpretation of symbols?
What is 'thinking' in the context of symbolic interactionism, and how does it affect our interpretation of symbols?
How does symbolic interactionism explain ways individuals create and share their own social world?
How does symbolic interactionism explain ways individuals create and share their own social world?
What is 'Dramaturgy,' and explain its importance in social interactions?
What is 'Dramaturgy,' and explain its importance in social interactions?
What are the 'frontstage' and 'backstage' in dramaturgy, and how do they differ in terms of social behavior?
What are the 'frontstage' and 'backstage' in dramaturgy, and how do they differ in terms of social behavior?
Explain the concept of 'impression management' in dramaturgy and why individuals engage in it.
Explain the concept of 'impression management' in dramaturgy and why individuals engage in it.
What are 'teams' in the context of dramaturgy, and what is their purpose?
What are 'teams' in the context of dramaturgy, and what is their purpose?
What is "face" in Face Negotiation Theory, and why is it important to consider in intercultural communication?
What is "face" in Face Negotiation Theory, and why is it important to consider in intercultural communication?
Explain the term, "Facework" in Face Negotiation Theory and why it's used.
Explain the term, "Facework" in Face Negotiation Theory and why it's used.
How does Face-Restoration preserve face for one's self?
How does Face-Restoration preserve face for one's self?
Compare and contrast Preventative Facework with Supportive Facework during negotiations.
Compare and contrast Preventative Facework with Supportive Facework during negotiations.
Explain how “framing" contributes to the understanding of reality in a communicating text.
Explain how “framing" contributes to the understanding of reality in a communicating text.
Describe the role of the 'communicator' within framing. What guides that role?
Describe the role of the 'communicator' within framing. What guides that role?
What is 'salience' in the context of framing?
What is 'salience' in the context of framing?
In Speech Act Theory, what is meant by 'illocutionary force,' and why is it important for understanding speech acts?
In Speech Act Theory, what is meant by 'illocutionary force,' and why is it important for understanding speech acts?
Describe two categories of illocutionary acts, citing examples of each.
Describe two categories of illocutionary acts, citing examples of each.
What is the "Culture Industry" according to Horkheimer and Adorno, and how does it function as a system of deception?
What is the "Culture Industry" according to Horkheimer and Adorno, and how does it function as a system of deception?
According to Walter Benjamin, how did mechanical reproduction change the nature of art and its accessibility?
According to Walter Benjamin, how did mechanical reproduction change the nature of art and its accessibility?
What does Benjamin mean by the 'aura' of a work of art, and how does mechanical reproduction affect it?
What does Benjamin mean by the 'aura' of a work of art, and how does mechanical reproduction affect it?
According to political economy, what is the primary focus when critically analyzing media practices, processes, and structures?
According to political economy, what is the primary focus when critically analyzing media practices, processes, and structures?
What do media, according to political economy, do in capitalist societies?
What do media, according to political economy, do in capitalist societies?
Flashcards
Cultivation analysis
Cultivation analysis
Contribution of TV viewing to people's conceptions of social reality.
Mean world syndrome
Mean world syndrome
Heavy viewers see the world as scary, mean, violent, and dangerous.
Mainstreaming
Mainstreaming
Process where TV symbols monopolize and dominate information sources.
Resonance
Resonance
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First-order cultivation effects
First-order cultivation effects
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Second-order cultivation effects
Second-order cultivation effects
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Diffusion
Diffusion
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Innovation
Innovation
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Communication channel
Communication channel
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Innovation-decision process
Innovation-decision process
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Innovativeness
Innovativeness
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Rate of adoption
Rate of adoption
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Innovation-decision steps
Innovation-decision steps
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Relative advantage
Relative advantage
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Compatibility
Compatibility
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Complexity
Complexity
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Triability
Triability
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Observability
Observability
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Innovators
Innovators
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Early adopters
Early adopters
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Early majority
Early majority
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Late majority
Late majority
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Laggards
Laggards
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Theory of Planned Behavior
Theory of Planned Behavior
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Theory of Planned Behavior Components
Theory of Planned Behavior Components
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Intention
Intention
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Behavioral beliefs
Behavioral beliefs
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Normative beliefs
Normative beliefs
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Control beliefs
Control beliefs
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Perceived behavioral control
Perceived behavioral control
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Actual behavioral control
Actual behavioral control
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TPB Flexibility
TPB Flexibility
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Social Construction of Reality
Social Construction of Reality
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Social
Social
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Construction
Construction
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Reality
Reality
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Symbolic Interactionism
Symbolic Interactionism
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Meaning
Meaning
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Language
Language
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Thinking
Thinking
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Study Notes
Cultivation Theory
- Developed by Dr. George Gebner.
- Evaluates if media impacts views.
- Heavy TV viewers have a scary perception of the world, considered mean, violent, and dangerous, called the Mean World Syndrome.
- Research looks into institutional media processes and TV shows production.
- Looks into the most prevalent images in media content, including audience exposure.
- Examines the relationships between media exposure and audience beliefs/behaviors.
Products of Cultivation
- Mainstreaming: Media messages homogenize beliefs, attitudes
- Resonance: When TV aligns with lived experience
- First-order cultivation effects relate to probability judgements
- Second-order cultivation effects involve attitudes arising from such judgements
Strengths of Cultivation Theory
- Combines macro and micro-level theoretical approaches.
- Offers detailed explanations for TV's unique societal role.
- Allows for empirical studies of widely held humanistic assumptions.
- Redefines media effects, considering more than just observable behavior.
- Applicable to varied effects issues.
- Provides a basis for social change initiatives.
Weaknesses of Cultivation Theory
- Early research faced methodological limitations.
- Assumes TV shows are homogenous
- Focuses on heavy TV viewers.
- Difficult to apply to media used less than TV.
Diffusion of Innovation Theory
- Originated with Dr. Everett M. Rogers
- Diffusion: the process an innovation spreads over time through a social system
- Innovations: introduction of something new
- Diffusion of Innovations focuses adoption of new technologies as markers of modernity
Diffusion Stages
- Innovations proceed through a series of stages before widespread adoption
- Communication channels are conduits for messages between individuals
- Time: Includes the innovation-diffusion process
- Time: Includes innovativeness, and rate of adoption
Innovation-Diffusion Process
- Begins with awareness
- Includes attitude formation and decision to adopt or reject
- Involves implementation and confirmation
Key Concepts on Diffusion
- Diffusion is the process by which something makes it's way to members of a social system
- Innovation is the introduction of something new
- Innovation-decision process: individuals adopt innovations
- Innovativeness: measures early adoption, agents are willing to adopt new ideas
- Rate of adoption: relative speed something is adopted
Adopter Categories
- Innovators: risk-takers, connected to outside networks
- Early adopters: local, respected, sources for advice
- Early majority: adopt before average
- Late majority: adopt due to economic reasons or pressure
- Laggards: traditional, cautious, use limited resources
The Innovation-Decision Process Steps
- Knowledge: awareness of innovation's existence and understanding how it works
- Persuasion: developing an attitude toward innovation
- Decision: deciding to adopt the innovation which may involve a trial phase
- Implementation: using the innovation and continuing to learn, reducing innovation's uncertainty
- Confirmation: collecting information reinforcing the decision, reversing adoption if information conflicts
Innovation Adoption Factors
- Relative advantage: better than the idea being replaced
- Compatibility: consistent with the values, experiences, and needs
- Complexity: difficult to understand or use
- Triability: testing of something before committing
- Observability: provides tangible results
Diffusion of Innovation - Strengths
- Integrates empirical findings into a useful theory
- Provides practical guide for information campaigns
- Guided successful adoption of innovations
Diffusion of Innovation - Weaknesses
- Is linear and source-dominated
- Underestimates the power of media
- Stimulates adoption by groups that do not understand innovation
Theory of Planned Behavior
- Developed by Dr. Icek Ajzen.
- Designed to predict/explain human behavior in contexts.
- TPB: attitudes, norms, perceived control which informs intentions to predict behavior
- More favorable the attitude, norm, control, the stronger the intention to perform said behavior
Constructs in Planned Behavior
- Behavioral beliefs (consequences): produce attitude
- Normative beliefs (expectations): results in pressure
- Control beliefs (factors affecting performance): produce self-efficacy
- Intention: a mediator of behavior, immediate antecedent
- Perceived behavioral control: moderates attitude, norm and intention influence
- Actual behavioral control: moderates effect of intention
Theory of Planned Behavior - Strengths
- Provides a flexible framework for behaviors
- Allows incorporation of variables
- Easy to understand for casual science understanding
- Flexibility, validity, utility
Theory of Planned Behavior - Weaknesses
- Requires components relationship clarification
- Components implemented inconsistently
- Behaviors are incredibly complex
Social Construction of Reality
- Developed by Peter L. Berger & Thomas Luckmann
- Reality is a product of social interactions/
- Individuals & societies make own meaning through a socialization process
- Social construction theory highlights how people construct understandings of world
- Focuses on knowledge over communications
Key Elements
- People make sense of experience by making social models
- Language is important
Three Parts of this Social Construction of Reality
- Socially granted traits
- Each generation recreating/discarding parts of the world.
- People creating the social world
Strengths of Social Construction of Reality
- Conversation is a critical tool
- Using analysis at the microlevel to examine a macroprocess
- Implies reflexivity, questioning assumptions
Weaknesses of Social Construction of Reality
- Overlooks views
- Doesn't consider power, social structures
- Doesn't explain persistence
Symbolic Interactionism
- George Herbert Mead theory, micro level theory
- Society is made through interactions
- Individual members have agency
- Streamlines sense of world
Symbolic Interactionism Premise
- Meaning: humans act based on association
- Language: comes from social interaction and negotiation
- Thinking: the individual interpretation of symbols is modified
Principles to This Theory
- Meaning: construction of social reality
- Language: the source of meaning
- Thinking: taking the role of the other
Strengths of Symbolic Interactionism
- Micro-level of human interactions
- Highlights agency in social world
- Identity: a self-construed concept
Weaknesses of Symbolic Interactionism
- Discredits social institutions
- Underestimates structure
- Overestimates agency
Dramaturgy
- Theory by Erving Goffman, 1956
- The way we manage our selves
- Depends on the setting, audience, cooperation
- Is about what is perceived
Social Character
- The impressions we make
- The impressions made
Terms
- Frontstage: A social stage
- Backstage: A place to be comfortable
- Performances: Inviting participation
- Idealization: emphasizes aspects of self
- Teams: Maintains certain situations
Strengths of Dramaturgy
- Define a scene, decipher how to act
- Turns interaction into negotiation
Weaknesses of Dramaturgy
- Emphasizes person action more
- Might not go into detail on contemporary society
- Impedes group dynamics
Face Negotiation Theory
- Stella Ting-Toomey theory
- Cultural differences influence conflict management
- Management is part of maintaining face
- Culture influences everyone
About Face
- Means look in from of others
- Talking with people from different cultures
- Face represents the social self and how we want to be perceived
Faces
- Restoration: exercise of personal freedom
- Saving: signaling the respect of space
- Assertion: need for community and association
- Giving: inclusion and association
Preventive Facework
- Decreasing ones risk
- Avoid issues
- Be prepared/helpful
Supportive Facework
- Both being graceful together
- Preserve through respect
- Acting civilized
Corrective Facework
- Necessary when negotiations arise
- Threatened situation
- Involves moving intense issues away
- Apologize to restore respect
Strengths in This Theory
- Directing attention to our blind cultural actions
- Used for training skills
Weaknesses of This Theory
- Ting-Toomey found discrepancies in the culture of people
- Not saving every face, neglecting individualism
Framing and Frame Analysis - Robert Entman
- Central to this theory is selection and salience
- Selecting specific aspects of a reality and make them important to a text
- Promotes a particular problem definition
- Focuses on causal interpretation
- Suggests moral evaluation
- Recommends what is described
Frames
- Embedded, make manifest in a text
- Influences peoples thinking
- Power to offer communicative text
- Precise way of influence over awareness
- Transfer of information
- Transfer from a person/place to awarenss
Frames - Problem
- Define what a causal agent does
- Using defined costs and benefits
- Usual cultural values
Frames - Diagnosis
- Forces creating the problem
- Moral judgement
- Evaluate effects/agents
Frames - Remedies
- Treatments for problems
- Predict their likelihood
Location of frames - Where they Are
- Made by the communicator judgements
- Guided by organizational schemata
- Expressed from organized beliefs
- Certain themes or stock phrases are used
- Stereotypes and pictures are present
Role of Receiver
- Thought/conclusion may align/affect messenger intent
- Influences framing intention ###Role of Frames in Culture
- Stock of commonly invoked frames
How Framing Works
- Meaning more noticeable if salience is increased
- Increase audiences probability to have the meaning to discern meaning
- Thus processing means it stores it
Omission
- Most frames omit
- Omission definitions and explanation are key
Political News Frames
- Highlight aspect while obscuring the rest
- Play main part in exerting political power-
Framing Benefit
- Audience freedom
- Analytical content
- Journalism objectivity for all
- Popular normative belief
Strengths and Weakness to Framing
- Focus is on mass individual and communication
Basic Speech Act Theory
- By J.L. Austin and John Searle
- How people accomplish action with words
- Emphasizes use of language
- Utterances have meaning to other people/users
Speech Acts Are
- Locutionary meaning phrase used
- Illusionary intent action
- The resulting effect on the listener
Categories of Acts
- Assertives, truth propositions
- Directives, getting addressee to do something
- Used to make commitment
- Expressive, used to express acts
- Illusions to relate feelings
Strength and Weakness
- Takes action into contest and meaning
- Takes speech norms into account
- Classifies with context
- Relates word meaning
Critical Culture Theory
- By Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno
- Explores cultures industry as deceptive
- Discusses how it suppresses
- It is now used for business
- Mainstream consumers
Cultural Theory
- Today is infected sameness (and other)
- Media as Mass agenda
- Culture media is insidious
- Perfect harmounis control as marketable
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