CSF Analysis and Sperm Vitality Questions
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Questions and Answers

What is the normal reference concentration range for protein in CSF?

  • 15-45 mg/dL (correct)
  • 10-30 mg/dL
  • 20-60 mg/dL
  • 25-50 mg/dL

What condition is indicated by an increased level of glucose in CSF?

  • Tubercular meningitis
  • Cerebral hemorrhage
  • None (correct)
  • Bacterial meningitis

Which condition is NOT associated with elevated CSF protein levels?

  • Recent puncture (correct)
  • Guillain-Barré syndrome
  • Primary CNS tumors
  • Multiple sclerosis

A lactate concentration above 35 mg/dL in CSF is most indicative of which condition?

<p>Bacterial meningitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If glutamine levels are below the normal range in CSF, what is the significance?

<p>There is no known significance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for increased levels of IgG in the CSF?

<p>Production within the CNS (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of dead cells indicate when evaluating sperm vitality?

<p>Decreased motility (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common disorder that leads to decreased CSF protein levels?

<p>CSF leakage/trauma (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a decreased glucose concentration in CSF suggest?

<p>Bacterial, tubercular, or fungal meningitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the eosin-nigrosin stain in sperm vitality analysis?

<p>To differentiate live from dead sperm cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How soon after ejaculation should sperm vitality assessment be performed?

<p>Within 1 hour (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases can lead to elevated CSF protein levels due to damage to the blood-brain barrier?

<p>Cushing disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of living cells is required for normal sperm vitality?

<p>50% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical reference range for CSF protein levels?

<p>15 to 45 mg/dL (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might decreased motility with normal sperm count indicate?

<p>Decreased sperm vitality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage composition of spermatozoa in semen?

<p>5% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ideal storage temperature for specimens awaiting analysis?

<p>37°C (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is preferred for collecting semen specimens?

<p>Masturbation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of seminal fluid is typically found in semen?

<p>60%-70% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are ordinary condoms not acceptable for semen collection?

<p>They contain spermicides. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tube in a cerebrospinal fluid specimen following a traumatic lumbar puncture will contain the highest concentration of blood?

<p>Tube 1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What appearance of cerebrospinal fluid indicates a possible diagnosis of meningitis?

<p>Hazy, turbid, milky, or cloudy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major significance of xanthochromic cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Disorders affecting the blood-brain barrier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing the appearance of cerebrospinal fluid?

<p>Type of therapy administered (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does xanthochromia refer to in medical terms?

<p>Yellow or orange supernatant in CSF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cerebrospinal fluid appearance is characterized by old hemorrhage following a traumatic tap?

<p>Bloody (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of meningitis is characterized by the presence of neutrophils in laboratory findings?

<p>Bacterial meningitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of surfactants in the lungs?

<p>To maintain alveolar integrity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What laboratory finding is most likely to show a positive gram stain?

<p>Bacterial meningitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the accumulation of calcium pyrophosphate crystals in joints?

<p>Pseudogout (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is described as puncturing a joint to obtain synovial fluid?

<p>Arthrocentesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of meningitis is indicated by marked elevation in protein levels?

<p>Bacterial meningitis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of meningitis is glucose level typically found to be normal?

<p>Viral meningitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is effusion in a medical context?

<p>Fluid accumulation between serous membranes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical range for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein concentration?

<p>15-45 mg/dL (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of laboratory findings supports a diagnosis of tubercular meningitis?

<p>Presence of lymphocytes, decreased glucose, and marked elevation in protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hydrostatic pressure in medical terms function?

<p>Pressure exerted by a liquid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines pleocytosis?

<p>Increase in normal cells in cerebrospinal fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group classification is associated with crystal-induced gout?

<p>Septic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in the processing of synovial fluid samples for analysis?

<p>Centrifuge the sample (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following diseases is classified under inflammatory joint disorders?

<p>Rheumatoid arthritis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substance is used in Tube 2 for cell count and differential count?

<p>EDTA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition falls under the hemorrhagic group classification of joint disorders?

<p>Traumatic injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of crystal is associated with gout?

<p>Monosodium urate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the birefringence characteristic of Calcium pyrophosphate crystals?

<p>Positive birefringence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of crystal is indicated for renal dialysis?

<p>Calcium oxalate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which crystal type requires electron microscopy for identification?

<p>Apatite (calcium phosphate) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of monosodium urate crystals?

<p>Needles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of noninflammatory synovial fluid distinguishes it from other types?

<p>Clear, yellow fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following findings is indicative of septic synovial fluid?

<p>Positive culture and Gram stain (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of crystal-induced synovial fluid?

<p>Cloudy or milky fluid with crystals present (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In order to test for cell counts in synovial fluid, which tube type is required?

<p>Sodium heparin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is hemorrhagic synovial fluid distinguished from other types?

<p>Cloudy, red fluid with normal glucose level (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Uneven Blood Distribution in CSF

Blood from a cerebral hemorrhage is not spread equally throughout the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens after a lumbar puncture.

CSF Tube 1 Blood Concentration

The first CSF collection tube (tube 1) contains the highest concentration of blood after a traumatic lumbar puncture.

CSF Xanthochromia

CSF that is yellowish in color, often due to elevated bilirubin levels in the serum.

Bloody CSF Cause (traumatic tap)

Bloody cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a sign of an old hemorrhage, often resulting from a traumatic lumbar puncture (spinal tap).

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CSF Appearance & Meningitis

Hazy CSF can indicate meningitis, an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, while clear CSF is normal.

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XANTHOCHROMIA

Pink, orange, or yellow supernatant in CSF.

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HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

Pressure exerted by a liquid.

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EPIDIDYMIS

Small structure forming the first part of the secretory duct of the testes.

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EFFUSION

Accumulation of fluids between serous membranes.

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PLEOCYTOSIS

Increase in normal cells in CSF.

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CSF GLUCOSE RANGE

60-70% of plasma concentration(s).

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FETAL LUNG MATURITY (FLM)

Sufficient surfactant for stable alveoli.

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SURFACTANTS

Phospholipids maintaining alveolar integrity.

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Elevated CSF protein

Increased protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), often indicating inflammation, damage, or other conditions affecting the central nervous system (CNS).

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Decreased CSF protein

Lower than normal protein levels in CSF, usually due to leakage or recent spinal tap.

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CSF protein reference range

Typical protein levels in CSF, normally between 15-45 mg/dL, but can vary with age and testing methods.

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CSF protein and blood-brain barrier

Abnormal CSF protein is often related to damage in the blood-brain barrier, allowing plasma proteins to leak into the CSF.

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IgG in CSF

Increased IgG (immunoglobulin G) in CSF might suggest an immune response within the brain.

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CSF Protein levels

CSF protein levels range from 15 to 45 mg/dL. High levels might suggest meningitis or hemorrhage; low levels may indicate CSF leakage.

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CSF Glucose

Normal CSF glucose is 60-70% of plasma glucose.

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High CSF Lactate

A lactate level above 35 mg/dL in CSF might indicate bacterial meningitis or possible disruption of consciousness.

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Low CSF Glucose

Low CSF glucose suggests possible bacterial, tubercular, or fungal meningitis.

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CSF Lactate significance

CSF lactate levels of above 35mg/dL might indicate bacterial meningitis, or some disturbance of consciousness..

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Semen Components

Semen is made up of several parts: spermatozoa, seminal fluid, prostate fluid, and bulbourethral gland secretions.

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Spermatozoa Percentage

Spermatozoa, or sperm cells, account for only 5% of semen volume.

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Semen Collection

Semen is typically collected through masturbation and should be delivered to a lab within 1 hour of collection.

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Specimen Storage

Semen awaiting analysis should be kept at 37°C (body temperature).

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Acceptable Condoms

Only non-spermicidal, non-lubricating condoms are acceptable for collecting semen if masturbation isn't possible.

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Bacterial Meningitis WBC Count

Elevated white blood cell count, with a high proportion of neutrophils.

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Viral Meningitis Glucose Level

Normal glucose level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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Tubercular Meningitis Lactate Level

Lactate level higher than 25 mg/dL in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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Fungal Meningitis Gram Stain

Gram stain is negative, meaning no bacteria are present.

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Bacterial Meningitis Gram Stain

A positive gram stain result indicates the presence of bacteria.

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Sperm Vitality

The percentage of living sperm in a semen sample. It's a measure of how well sperm can move and fertilize an egg.

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How is sperm vitality assessed?

Sperm vitality is evaluated using an eosin-nigrosin stain. Living sperm remain bluish-white, while dead sperm stain purple.

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What's a normal sperm vitality score?

A normal sperm vitality score requires at least 50% or more living sperm cells. This is needed for successful fertilization.

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What happens when sperm vitality is low?

Low sperm vitality can indicate problems with sperm health and function, which may contribute to infertility.

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When is sperm vitality assessed?

Sperm vitality should be assessed within 1 hour of ejaculation because sperm start to die off quickly.

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Synovial Fluid: Noninflammatory

Clear, yellow fluid with good viscosity, low white blood cell count (WBCs < 1,000 µL), and less than 30% neutrophils. Glucose levels similar to blood.

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Synovial Fluid: Inflammatory (Immunologic)

Cloudy, yellow fluid with poor viscosity, elevated WBCs (2,000-75,000 µL) with over 50% neutrophils. Glucose levels are decreased, and autoantibodies may be present.

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Synovial Fluid: Crystal-induced

Cloudy or milky fluid with low viscosity, high WBCs (up to 100,000 µL) with less than 70% neutrophils. Glucose levels are decreased, and crystals are present.

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Synovial Fluid: Septic

Cloudy, yellow-green fluid with variable viscosity, high WBCs (50,000 to 100,000 µL) with over 75% neutrophils. Glucose levels are decreased, and a positive culture and Gram stain confirm infection.

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Synovial Fluid: Hemorrhagic

Cloudy, red fluid with low viscosity, WBCs and neutrophils similar to blood. Glucose level is normal.

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MSU Crystals

Needle-shaped crystals found in synovial fluid, indicating gout. They exhibit negative birefringence under compensated polarized light.

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CPPD Crystals

Rhomboid-shaped crystals found in synovial fluid, indicating pseudogout. They exhibit positive birefringence under compensated polarized light.

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Birefringence

The property of a crystal to split light into two polarized rays, allowing for the identification of different types of crystals under a microscope.

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Synovial Fluid Analysis

Examination of fluid from joints to identify crystals like MSU and CPPD, helping diagnose conditions like gout and pseudogout.

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Cholesterol Crystals

Notched crystals found in synovial fluid, suggesting an inflammatory process. They exhibit negative birefringence under compensated polarized light.

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Joint Disorder Groups

Joint disorders are classified into four main groups based on their causes: noninflammatory, inflammatory, septic, and hemorrhagic.

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Noninflammatory Joint Disorders

These disorders are characterized by wear and tear, leading to degeneration of joint structures. Examples include osteoarthritis.

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Inflammatory Joint Disorders

Caused by immune system dysfunction, these disorders involve inflammation of joint tissues. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.

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Septic Joint Disorders

These disorders arise from infections within the joint, often caused by bacteria. Examples include gout and pseudogout.

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Hemorrhagic Joint Disorders

These disorders are caused by bleeding into the joint space, which can result from trauma, hemophilia, or anticoagulant use.

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