Lumbar puncture, CSF analysis and interpretation

Where is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced?

Which of the following best describes the composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

What is the normal volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the human body?

What is a lumbar puncture commonly performed for?

Which of the following is a diagnostic indication for a lumbar puncture (LP)?

Which of the following is a potential oncologic disorder that may require lumbar puncture (LP) for diagnosis?

What is the main role of lumbar puncture (LP) in treating central nervous system (CNS) and leptomeningeal malignancies?

Which of the following conditions would not typically be treated using lumbar puncture (LP)?

Which of the following conditions can be diagnosed using lumbar puncture (LP) when CT scan results are normal?

Which of the following is an example of a metabolic disorder that might be evaluated using lumbar puncture (LP)?

Which of the following is a relative contraindication to performing a lumbar puncture (LP)?

Which of the following is an absolute contraindication for performing a lumbar puncture (LP)?

What is the absolute contraindication for performing a lumbar puncture (LP) in a patient with a platelet count of <20×10^9/L?

Which of the following conditions is considered an absolute contraindication for lumbar puncture (LP) due to the risk of herniation?

Which of the following therapies is a relative contraindication for lumbar puncture (LP)?

In the case of a 60-year-old male with a history of coronary artery disease and recent myocardial infarction, with a platelet count of 25×10⁹/L on clopidogrel, is lumbar puncture (LP) safe?

A 45-year-old woman with a history of stroke presents with a headache and signs of meningitis. Her platelet count is 35×10⁹/L. Should lumbar puncture (LP) be performed?

In a case where a 55-year-old man presents with a sudden headache and signs of a possible subarachnoid hemorrhage, and a CT scan reveals non-communicating obstructive hydrocephalus, should lumbar puncture (LP) be performed?

A 70-year-old female presents with acute confusion and suspected meningitis. She has a history of uncontrolled bleeding disorders and her INR is elevated at 3.5. Is lumbar puncture (LP) appropriate for this patient?

In the case of a 50-year-old woman with a history of spinal stenosis and no signs of spinal cord compression, should a lumbar puncture (LP) be performed?

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor that would warrant performing a CT brain prior to lumbar puncture (LP)?

A 50-year-old patient with a history of glioblastoma presents with fever and confusion. Should a CT brain be performed before lumbar puncture (LP)?

A patient presents with a sudden headache, fever, and signs of meningitis. On examination, there is papilloedema. What should be done before performing a lumbar puncture (LP)?

In a patient with new-onset seizures and signs of meningitis, why should a CT brain be performed before a lumbar puncture (LP)?

Which of the following CT brain findings would suggest a risk of raised intracranial pressure (ICP) in a patient before performing a lumbar puncture (LP)?

Which of the following is the most appropriate patient position for performing a lumbar puncture (LP)?

In which anatomical location should the lumbar puncture needle be inserted for an adult patient?

What is the correct positioning of the patient for a lumbar puncture (LP) in the lateral decubitus position?

When performing a lumbar puncture (LP), why is it important to identify the L3/L4 or L4/L5 interspace?

Why is it important to use aseptic technique during a lumbar puncture (LP)?

Which of the following is the correct way to prepare the overlying skin before performing a lumbar puncture (LP)?

In the procedure for lumbar puncture (LP), the needle should be positioned:

After advancing the needle through the skin and encountering resistance at the spinous ligament, what is the next step in the lumbar puncture (LP) procedure?

Once the needle is in the subarachnoid space during a lumbar puncture (LP), what should be done next?

When collecting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in sterile collection tubes during a lumbar puncture (LP), what is the correct method?

If no cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is obtained during a lumbar puncture (LP), what should be done?

Which of the following is true regarding the positioning of the needle during lumbar puncture (LP)?

Which step in the lumbar puncture (LP) procedure is performed after the needle has entered the subarachnoid space? A) Advance the needle further to access the spinal cord B) Remove the stylet and wait for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to appear C) Apply pressure to the needle to prevent leakage D) Aspirate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to ensure proper needle placement

During the lumbar puncture (LP) procedure, which of the following is the correct way to handle the collection tubes for CSF?

Which of the following is the most common complication following a lumbar puncture (LP)?

A post-lumbar puncture headache typically presents with which of the following characteristics?

Which of the following is the most effective way to relieve a post-lumbar puncture headache?

Which of the following is a rare but serious complication of lumbar puncture (LP) that can occur in the presence of raised intracranial pressure (ICP)?

A patient develops a headache, neck stiffness, and nausea after lumbar puncture. The physician suspects infection. Which of the following is the most likely complication in this scenario?

Which of the following is a common cause of post-lumbar puncture back pain?

Which of the following is a relative contraindication for performing a lumbar puncture (LP)?

How should cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens be transported to the microbiology laboratory?

What is the most appropriate action when transporting cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to the laboratory?

Which of the following is NOT a component typically analyzed in the CSF laboratory workup?

What additional tests may be conducted on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the laboratory? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following is a possible outcome in the CSF sample analysis that could indicate infection or inflammation?

Which of the following is considered a normal protein level in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in an adult?

What is the normal CSF glucose ratio in a healthy adult?

Which of the following is considered an acceptable result for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained by lumbar puncture (LP)?

Which of the following is NOT a typical analysis performed on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to detect possible infections?

Which of the following is the most important first step in the management of meningitis?

Which of the following is an appropriate empirical antibiotic regimen for suspected bacterial meningitis in old adult?

Which of the following is a recommended adjunctive therapy in the management of bacterial meningitis?

When should a CT brain be performed prior to a lumbar puncture?

Which of the following is an absolute contraindication for lumbar puncture?

What is the most likely pathogen in a patient with the following CSF findings? White cell count: 540/mm³ (90% polymorphs), Protein: 80 mg/dL, Glucose: CSF = 0.3 mmol/L, Serum = 5.7 mmol/L?

What is the typical CSF profile for bacterial meningitis?

A) Elevated protein, normal glucose, raised lymphocytes B) Very elevated protein, low glucose, raised polymorphs C) Normal protein, normal glucose, raised lymphocytes D) Very low protein, normal glucose, raised polymorphs

What is the first-line empirical antibiotic therapy for suspected bacterial meningitis in old adults?

Which of the following is a common feature of viral meningitis on CSF analysis?

Which one of the following best describes this Gram stain of the CSF?

<60% blood glucose, elevated protein, cells raised (lymphocytes). A) Gram-negative bacilli B) Gram-negative diplococci C) Gram-positive cocci in chains D) Gram-positive diplococci

PCR performed on CSF reveals Streptococcus pneumoniae detected. What should be done now with the patient's antibiotic therapy?

How long should the antibiotics be continued, and can they be given orally when stable?

Is antibiotic prophylaxis required for contacts of pneumococcal meningitis?

A) Yes, for all contacts B) No, prophylaxis is not indicated C) Yes, only for household contacts D) Yes, for healthcare workers only

Should public health be notified in cases of pneumococcal meningitis?

What advice should be given to the patient regarding pneumococcal vaccination?

The CSF results show a glucose level of less than 60% of the blood glucose, elevated protein, and raised cells (lymphocytes). Which form of meningitis does this suggest?

The CSF culture results show alpha-haemolysis on the optochin disk. Which organism is most likely responsible for this finding?

What is the most likely differential diagnosis for a 45-year-old female presenting with acute onset confusion, increasing drowsiness, and pyrexia, without focal neurological signs?

What is the key clinical sign in differentiating encephalitis from meningitis in this patient?

Which of the following is the most common cause of viral encephalitis?

What is a typical feature of HSV encephalitis on MRI brain?

The CSF findings of an elevated white cell count (60 cells/mm³ with 98% lymphocytes), normal glucose levels (65 mg/dL), and mildly elevated protein (60 mg/dL) are suggestive on the lumbar puncture (LP) results. What is the likely diagnosis?

What empiric therapy should be started for this patient with suspected HSV encephalitis?

Given the diagnosis of HSV I DNA detected by PCR, what is the next step in the patient's anti-infective therapy?

How long should aciclovir therapy be continued for HSV encephalitis, and can it be switched to oral treatment once the patient is stable?

Should public health be notified in cases of HSV encephalitis?

Based on the history and the CSF results, what pathogen do you suspect in a patient with chronic headache, low-grade fever, weight loss, elevated protein, low glucose, cloudy appearance, and predominant lymphocytes?

What additional tests will you request now to confirm the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis?