20 Questions
What is the fundamental basis of the design of functional programming languages?
Mathematical functions
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of functional programming languages?
They have variables
What is a prominent area of application for Lisp?
Knowledge representation, machine learning, and speech modeling
Which of the following is an advantage of functional programming languages?
They are more readable
What is a characteristic of imperative languages?
They have variables and state
Which of the following is NOT a functional programming language?
Java
What is the primary goal of the design of Functional Programming Languages?
To mimic mathematical functions to the greatest extent possible
In Functional Programming Languages, how is repetition typically specified?
Through recursion
What is a mathematical function?
A mapping of members of one set to another set
What is the primary difference between the computation process in Functional Programming Languages and imperative languages?
The basic process of computation is fundamentally different
What type of programming languages are Logic Programming Languages classified as?
Declarative languages
What is the purpose of recursion and conditional expressions in mathematical functions?
To control the flow of the function
What is a characteristic of programs in Logic Programming Languages?
They are collections of facts and rules
What is the purpose of lambda expressions in mathematical functions?
To define the mapping of the function
What is a higher-order function?
A function that takes functions as parameters or yields a function as its result
What is a main application of Logic Programming Languages?
Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMSs)
What is function composition?
A function that takes two functions as parameters and yields a function as its result
What is the form of function composition?
h = f ° g
What is the result of function composition h = f ° g, given f(x) = x + 2 and g(x) = 3x?
h(x) = 3x + 2
What is the main difference between mathematical functions and imperative programming languages?
Mathematical functions use recursion, while imperative programming languages use iteration
Study Notes
Functional Programming Languages
- Functional programming languages are based on mathematical functions, whereas imperative languages are based on the Von Neumann architecture.
- Functional languages are argued to be more readable, reliable, and correct than imperative languages.
- Common functional languages include Lisp, ML, Haskell, OCaml, and F#.
- Functional languages do not have variables or state like imperative languages do.
Mathematical Functions
- A mathematical function is a mapping of a domain set to a range set.
- A function definition specifies the domain and range sets, along with the mapping.
- Mathematical functions are evaluated using recursion and conditional expressions, unlike imperative languages which use sequencing and iterative repetition.
- Mathematical functions always map a particular element of the domain to the same element of the range.
Lambda Expressions
- A lambda expression specifies the parameter(s) and the mapping of a function.
- Lambda expressions are applied to parameter(s) by placing the parameter(s) after the expression.
- Example: (λ(x) x * x * x)(2) evaluates to 8.
Higher-Order Functions
- A higher-order function takes functions as parameters or yields a function as its result, or both.
- Function Composition is a common kind of higher-order function.
- It takes two functions as parameters and yields a function whose value is the first actual parameter function applied to the result of the second.
Fundamentals of Functional Programming Languages
- The objective of functional programming language design is to mimic mathematical functions.
- Repetition is specified with recursion rather than iteration.
- The basic process of computation is fundamentally different in a functional programming language than in an imperative language.
- Variables are not necessary in functional programming languages, unlike imperative languages.
Logic Programming Languages
- Logic programming expresses programs in the form of symbolic logic and uses a logical inferencing process to produce results.
- Logic programming languages are declarative languages that state the specifications of the desired results rather than detailed procedures.
- Programs in logic programming languages are collections of facts and rules.
- Prolog is a main example of a logic programming language, with applications in Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMSs), Expert Systems, and Natural-Language Processing.
This quiz covers chapters 15 and 16 of CSC204, introducing functional and logic programming languages, including mathematical functions and fundamentals of functional programming languages.
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