Principles of Programming Languages Chapter 15-16

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Questions and Answers

What is the basis of the design of functional programming languages?

Logic programming

Mathematical functions (correct)

The Von Neumann architecture

Imperative languages

What is a characteristic of functional programming languages?

They have neither variables nor state (correct)

They are based on the Von Neumann architecture

They are used for database processing

They have variables and state

Which of the following is a functional programming language?

Java

Python

Lisp (correct)

What is an advantage of functional programming languages?

They result in programs that are more readable, more reliable, and more likely to be correct Signup and view all the answers

What is a use of Lisp?

Knowledge representation and machine learning Signup and view all the answers

What is a common use of functional programming languages?

Database processing Signup and view all the answers

What is a mathematical function?

A mapping of members of one set, called the domain set, to another set, called the range set Signup and view all the answers

What is specified in a function definition?

The domain and range sets, either explicitly or implicitly, along with the mapping Signup and view all the answers

How is mathematical function evaluation controlled?

By recursion and conditional expressions Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of mathematical functions?

They map a particular element of the domain to the same element of the range Signup and view all the answers

What is a lambda expression?

A specification of the parameter(s) and the mapping of a function Signup and view all the answers

How are lambda expressions applied to parameter(s)?

By placing the parameter(s) after the expression Signup and view all the answers

What is a higher-order function?

A function that either takes functions as parameters or yields a function as its result, or both Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a functional form?

Function Composition Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the design of Functional Programming Languages (FPL)?

To mimic mathematical functions to the greatest extent possible Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between imperative languages and Functional Programming Languages (FPL)?

FPLs do not use variables, unlike imperative languages Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of logic programming languages?

They are declarative languages that use logical inferencing Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application of logic programming languages?

Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMSs) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the main example of a logic programming language?

Prolog Signup and view all the answers

How do logic programming languages express programs?

In the form of symbolic logic Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functional Programming Languages

Functional programming languages are based on mathematical functions, whereas imperative languages are based on the Von Neumann architecture.
Functional languages are argued to be more readable, reliable, and correct than imperative languages.
Common functional languages include Lisp, ML, Haskell, OCaml, and F#.
Functional languages do not have variables or state like imperative languages do.

Mathematical Functions

A mathematical function is a mapping of a domain set to a range set.
A function definition specifies the domain and range sets, along with the mapping.
Mathematical functions are evaluated using recursion and conditional expressions, unlike imperative languages which use sequencing and iterative repetition.
Mathematical functions always map a particular element of the domain to the same element of the range.

Lambda Expressions

A lambda expression specifies the parameter(s) and the mapping of a function.
Lambda expressions are applied to parameter(s) by placing the parameter(s) after the expression.
Example: (λ(x) x * x * x)(2) evaluates to 8.

Higher-Order Functions

A higher-order function takes functions as parameters or yields a function as its result, or both.
Function Composition is a common kind of higher-order function.
It takes two functions as parameters and yields a function whose value is the first actual parameter function applied to the result of the second.

Fundamentals of Functional Programming Languages

The objective of functional programming language design is to mimic mathematical functions.
Repetition is specified with recursion rather than iteration.
The basic process of computation is fundamentally different in a functional programming language than in an imperative language.
Variables are not necessary in functional programming languages, unlike imperative languages.

Logic Programming Languages

Logic programming expresses programs in the form of symbolic logic and uses a logical inferencing process to produce results.
Logic programming languages are declarative languages that state the specifications of the desired results rather than detailed procedures.
Programs in logic programming languages are collections of facts and rules.
Prolog is a main example of a logic programming language, with applications in Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMSs), Expert Systems, and Natural-Language Processing.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamentals of functional programming languages and an overview of logic programming, as part of the Principles of Programming Languages course.