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Questions and Answers
What is required for a student to pass the lab component?
What is required for a student to pass the lab component?
- Average(testsAndAssignments) ≥ 50% and average(assignments) ≥ 30%
- Average(tests) ≥ 30% and average(assignments) ≥ 20%
- Average(tests) ≥ 20% and average(assignments) ≥ 30% (correct)
- Average(tests) + average(assignments) ≥ 50%
How is the final exam weighted in the overall assessment?
How is the final exam weighted in the overall assessment?
- 25% of the final mark
- 100% of the final mark
- 50% of the final mark (correct)
- 75% of the final mark
In functional programming, how would you express the function call for squaring a number?
In functional programming, how would you express the function call for squaring a number?
- sq[ x ]
- sq (x)
- sq(x)
- sq x (correct)
What determines the evaluation of an 'if-then-else' expression?
What determines the evaluation of an 'if-then-else' expression?
What is a characteristic of pattern matching in function definitions?
What is a characteristic of pattern matching in function definitions?
What is the outcome of the expression 1:ns
when matched on the list [1,2,3]
?
What is the outcome of the expression 1:ns
when matched on the list [1,2,3]
?
Which statement about recursion is true?
Which statement about recursion is true?
How does using patterns in code improve performance?
How does using patterns in code improve performance?
What is the base case for the Fibonacci function fib n
when n is 1?
What is the base case for the Fibonacci function fib n
when n is 1?
What is a significant characteristic of the Ackermann-Péter function?
What is a significant characteristic of the Ackermann-Péter function?
Which programming language is the basis for the Sigma anti-spam system developed by Facebook?
Which programming language is the basis for the Sigma anti-spam system developed by Facebook?
What key feature does Haskell offer that distinguishes it from other programming languages?
What key feature does Haskell offer that distinguishes it from other programming languages?
What is the primary purpose of Lambda calculus as proposed by Alonzo Church?
What is the primary purpose of Lambda calculus as proposed by Alonzo Church?
Which of the following is a proof assistant mentioned in the history of programming languages?
Which of the following is a proof assistant mentioned in the history of programming languages?
Which programming language integrates with the Java platform?
Which programming language integrates with the Java platform?
What notable feature characterizes the ML programming language family?
What notable feature characterizes the ML programming language family?
Which of the following is NOT a known dialect of LISP?
Which of the following is NOT a known dialect of LISP?
Which programming language is known for its immutability and laziness among multiparadigm languages?
Which programming language is known for its immutability and laziness among multiparadigm languages?
What characteristic of functional programming ensures that there are no changes to variable states during execution?
What characteristic of functional programming ensures that there are no changes to variable states during execution?
In the example provided, what is the purpose of the 'sq' function in the expression 'f x y'?
In the example provided, what is the purpose of the 'sq' function in the expression 'f x y'?
What is a primary advantage of using tail recursion in functional programming?
What is a primary advantage of using tail recursion in functional programming?
Which of the following statements best describes mutually recursive functions?
Which of the following statements best describes mutually recursive functions?
Which of the following applications is NOT typically associated with functional programming?
Which of the following applications is NOT typically associated with functional programming?
What distinguishes a tail recursive function from a non-tail recursive function?
What distinguishes a tail recursive function from a non-tail recursive function?
Which of the following statements about the function 'fact' is true?
Which of the following statements about the function 'fact' is true?
What is the primary advantage of using a tail recursive function like 'factacc'?
What is the primary advantage of using a tail recursive function like 'factacc'?
In the example of the function 'f x y', what does the 'where' clause define?
In the example of the function 'f x y', what does the 'where' clause define?
How does 'factacc' handle stack frames compared to the standard 'fact' function?
How does 'factacc' handle stack frames compared to the standard 'fact' function?
In the factorial example, what value is returned when calling 'factacc 3 1'?
In the factorial example, what value is returned when calling 'factacc 3 1'?
What impact does tail recursion have on the execution of a function in Haskell?
What impact does tail recursion have on the execution of a function in Haskell?
What is the primary purpose of using local declarations in functions like 'f x y'?
What is the primary purpose of using local declarations in functions like 'f x y'?
Flashcards
Lambda Calculus
Lambda Calculus
The theoretical foundation for many functional programming languages, emphasizing function composition and avoiding side effects.
LISP
LISP
A functional programming language known for its Lisp-like syntax, featuring atoms, lists, and forms. It allows variable change, which is seen as a drawback by some.
LISP Dialects
LISP Dialects
A functional language with dialects like Common LISP, Scheme, Racket, Clojure, and Hy.
ML (Meta Language)
ML (Meta Language)
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ML Implementations
ML Implementations
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Miranda
Miranda
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Haskell
Haskell
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ghc (Glasgow Haskell Compiler)
ghc (Glasgow Haskell Compiler)
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Multiparadigm Programming Languages
Multiparadigm Programming Languages
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Scala
Scala
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Defining Functions in Haskell
Defining Functions in Haskell
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':' (Function Application)
':' (Function Application)
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Partial Application
Partial Application
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List Comprehension
List Comprehension
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Higher-Order Functions
Higher-Order Functions
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Pattern Matching
Pattern Matching
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if Expression
if Expression
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Recursion
Recursion
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Tail Recursion
Tail Recursion
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Local Declarations with 'where'
Local Declarations with 'where'
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Local Declarations with 'let...in'
Local Declarations with 'let...in'
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Mutually Recursive Functions
Mutually Recursive Functions
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Functional Programming
Functional Programming
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Pure Functions
Pure Functions
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Function Composition
Function Composition
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Recursion in Functional Programming
Recursion in Functional Programming
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Tail Recursion Importance
Tail Recursion Importance
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Study Notes
Introduction
- Erlang is the language used by WhatsApp to manage 900 Million users.
- Haskell is used by IOG in the Cardano blockchain platform.
- Haskell is also used by Facebook for the Sigma anti-spam system.
Popular Functional Languages
- Lambda Calculus is the theoretical basis for most functional programming languages
- LISP: A functional language with ideas from Lambda Calculus.
- Basic blocks are atoms, lists, and forms.
- It allows variable change (considered a drawback).
- Popular dialects include Common LISP, Scheme, Racket, Clojure, and Hy.
- Common implementations are gcl (GNU Common LISP), CLISP, Steel Bank Common LISP, and Allegro CL.
- ML (Meta Language): A functional language featuring polymorphic types and type inference.
- Common implementations include sml (Standard ML), polyML, Caml, and Objective Caml.
- Miranda: A purely functional programming language.
- Haskell: A purely functional language with lazy evaluation and standard Haskell 2010 report.
- It has a de facto standard implementation: ghc (Glasgow Haskell Compiler).
Multiparadigm Programming Languages
- Multiparadigm languages allow the use of different programming paradigms.
- Scala: A language featuring immutability, laziness, and a strong functional component.
- There are requirements for passing the course that include assignments, tests, and an exam.
Haskell Examples
- Define functions with types using the
::
operator, example:sq :: Int -> Int; sq x = x * x
. - Use
:
to call functions and\
for partial application, example:(1/ )
- Use list comprehension and higher-order functions to sort lists, example:
q (h:t) = q [s | s <- t, s > h]
. - Use pattern matching to define functions with different behaviors for various inputs, example:
prodl [] = 1; prodl (n:ns) = n * prodl ns
. - The
if
expression allows conditional execution. - Recursion is a key mechanism for loops in functional programming.
- Tail recursion: functions that return either a directly computed value or the result of their recursive call.
- Tail recursion can be more efficient than general recursion, as it avoids the need for a growing stack.
Don't Repeat Yourself (DRY)
- Local declarations using
where
allow defining functions within a function. - Local declarations using
let.. in
allow defining functions within a function, but in a bottom-up approach.
Mutually Recursive Functions
- Mutually recursive functions call each other.
- The order of definition does not matter in Haskell for mutually recursive functions.
Summary
- Functional programming (FP) uses functions as building blocks.
- FP emphasizes pure functions with no side effects, variable changes, or state.
- FP employs recursion and function composition.
- Tail recursion is important for performance optimization.
- Haskell and Elm are popular functional programming languages.
Further Reading
- “Learn You a Haskell for Great Good!”: Chapters 1 and 2.
- “Programming in Haskell”: Chapters 1 and 2.
- Youtube Video: “Why Haskell in Cardano?”: Provides insights into Haskell's usage.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of functional programming languages, including their theoretical foundations and practical applications. Learn about popular languages like LISP, ML, Miranda, and Haskell, as well as their implementations and unique features. This quiz will help you understand the significance of each language in modern technology.