Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a major source of food in the world?
What is crop production?
The art and science of producing plants which are useful to man.
What is domestication?
The process of bringing wild species under the management of man.
Agronomy deals with the intensive culture of living state plants.
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Which branch of horticulture deals with the production of fruits?
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The powerhouse of the cell is called the ______.
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What structures make up the plant tissue system?
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Match the following plant organ types with their descriptions:
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What is the function of xylem in a plant?
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What type of plant tissue is primarily responsible for the transportation of organic nutrients throughout the plant?
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Which of the following plastids is predominantly involved in photosynthesis?
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Which root structure is characterized by having multiple roots of similar size and no central root?
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Which term describes a flower that lacks one or more of the four main floral organs?
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What is the primary function of mycorrhiza in plants?
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What primarily distinguishes agronomy from horticulture?
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Which development stage of agriculture marks the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled farming practices?
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What is the primary function of the Golgi apparatus in a plant cell?
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Which part of a plant cell is crucial for selectively allowing substances to enter and exit the cell?
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Which branch of horticulture is specifically associated with the cultivation of vegetables?
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Study Notes
Major Sources of Food in the World
- Major sources include agriculture, fisheries/aquaculture, and forestry.
Agriculture Overview
- Defined as the cultivation of plants and animals for food and fibers.
- Crop production involves the art and science of growing plants beneficial to humans.
- Animal production/husbandry is focused on meeting human needs for food and luxury.
Development of Agriculture
- Progressed through stages: pastoral, Middle Stone Age, Neolithic, and agricultural stages.
Domestication and Crop Science
- Domestication brings wild species under human management.
- Crop science studies principles and practices of crop production, including the identification and classification of cultivated crops.
Agronomy vs. Horticulture
- Agronomy focuses on large-scale field management of crops, dealing with dry matter.
- Horticulture emphasizes intensive culture in garden settings, dealing with high moisture content.
Branches of Horticulture
- Includes floriculture (flowers), olericulture (vegetables), pomology (fruits), landscaping, and nursery management.
One Town, One Product (OTOP) Program
- Aims to boost entrepreneurship and create jobs by promoting local products.
Nature of a Plant System
- Structures of a plant system include systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, and elements.
Components of a Plant Cell
- Cell Wall: provides support; consists of middle lamella, primary wall, and secondary wall.
- Cell Membrane: selectively permeable barrier for organelles and cell parts.
- Nucleus: houses DNA.
- Cytoplasm: gel-like matrix.
- Mitochondria: powerhouses of the cell.
- Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: synthesizes lipids and membranes.
- Golgi Apparatus: processes and packages substances for export.
- Microtubules: provide structure and facilitate movement and division.
- Plasmodesmata: cell-to-cell connections.
Unique Plant Parts
- Plastids: organelles with their own DNA; includes proplastids, chromoplasts, leucoplasts, etioplasts, and chloroplasts (photosynthesis site).
- Central Vacuole: stores water and waste.
Plant Anatomy
- Focuses on tissue and cell structure of plant organs.
Plant Tissue System
- Composed of different tissue types:
- Dermal Tissues: outer protective layer.
- Vascular Tissues: transport water (xylem) and sugars (phloem).
- Ground Tissues: involved in storage and photosynthesis.
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Meristematic Tissues: actively dividing cells aiding growth.
- Apical, lateral, and intercalary meristem types.
Plant Organs
- Roots: support and nutrient absorption.
- Shoots: above-ground structures.
General Anatomical Regions
- Epidermis: outer protective layer.
- Cortex: storage of photosynthetic products.
- Pericycle: supports and protects plant structures.
- Vascular Bundles: contain phloem and xylem for nutrient transportation.
Anatomical Regions of a Leaf
- Epidermis: the outer skin layer.
- Cuticle: protective layer of interlocking cells.
- Stomata: openings for gas exchange.
- Mesophyll: area for photosynthesis.
Major Sources of Food
- Key food sources include agriculture, fisheries/aquaculture, and forestry.
- Agriculture is defined as "field cultivation" for producing food and fibers from plants and animals.
Crop Production and Animal Husbandry
- Crop production blends art and science to grow plants beneficial for humans.
- Animal production, or husbandry, focuses on raising animals to satisfy human needs.
Development of Agriculture
- Evolution of agriculture includes several stages: pastoral, middle stone age, Neolithic age, and the agricultural stage.
Domestication and Crop Science
- Domestication refers to managing wild species for human use.
- Crop science involves principles and practices of crop production, including crop identification and classification.
Agronomy and Horticulture
- Agronomy ("field managing") emphasizes large-scale crop management with a focus on non-living matter.
- Horticulture ("garden enclosure cultivation") centers on intensive culture and high moisture living states.
Branches of Horticulture
- Floriculture: deals with flower production.
- Olericulture: focuses on vegetable cultivation.
- Pomology: concerns fruit production.
- Landscape/gardening: aims at beautification and protection of environments.
- Nursery: involves the production and cultivation of planting materials.
One Town, One Product (OTOP)
- An initiative designed to boost entrepreneurship and generate jobs within local communities.
Plant System Structure
- Basic components include systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, and elements.
Plant Cell Structure
- Cell Wall: provides support and is composed of layers (middle lamella, primary wall, secondary wall).
- Cell Membrane: selectively permeable barrier for organelles and cell components.
- Nucleus: houses DNA.
- Cytoplasm: gel-like matrix surrounding organelles.
- Mitochondria: known as the powerhouse of the cell.
- Ribosomes: site for protein synthesis.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum: involved in lipid synthesis and transport.
- Golgi Apparatus: processes and packages materials for export.
Unique Plant Cell Structures
- Plastids: organelles with own DNA; types include proplastid, chromoplast, leucoplast, etioloplast, and chloroplast.
- Central Vacuole: for storage of cell sap, contributes to waste disposal and water storage.
Plant Anatomy
- Study covers tissue and cell structure of plant organs, comprising different tissue systems like dermal, vascular, ground, meristematic, and permanent tissues.
Plant Tissue Systems
- Dermal (outer), vascular (transports water/sugars), ground (storage/photosynthesis), meristematic (actively dividing), and permanent tissues (mature, non-dividing).
Plant Organs
- Root: functions below ground for anchorage and nutrient uptake.
- Shoot: located above ground, supports leaves and reproductive structures.
Leaf Anatomy
- Composed of epidermis, cuticle, stomata, mesophyll, and vascular bundles, critical for photosynthesis.
- Features flattening for increased surface area for sunlight capture.
Root Systems
- Types include taproot, fibrous, adventitious, lateral, buttress, tuberous, stilt, with specialized structures like lenticels and pneumatic tissues for gas exchange.
Mycorrhiza
- Represents a mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots, enhancing nutrient uptake.
Shoot System
- Comprises the stem, leaves, and reproductive structures, essential for support and translocation.
- Modified stems include tendrils, rhizomes, tuberous stems, corms, and Stolons.
Flowers and Reproduction
- Gymnosperms are older, primitive plants, whereas angiosperms are flowering plants.
- Flower parts consist of perianth, androecium, and gynoecium, with variations in structure and sex.
Plant Sex Types
- Androgynous: both reproductive organs present.
- Monoecious: separate male and female plants.
Flower Types
- Complete flowers contain all four floral organs.
- Incomplete flowers lack one or more organs.
- Perfect flowers have both male and female organs; imperfect flowers possess only one.
- Distinctions exist for staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of crop production and its significance as a major source of food worldwide. This quiz covers the key areas of agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and the evolution of agricultural practices from various historical stages.
